Theodore Mangaphas
Theodore Mangaphas | |
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aspron trachy coin attributed to Mangaphas | |
Reign | 1188–1189 1203/1204–1205 |
Theodore Mangaphas or Mankaphas (
He was given the sobriquet Morotheodoros (Μωροθεόδωρος) meaning "Theodore the Fool", by the Greek chroniclers after his repeated failed usurpations.[2]
First usurpation
In circa 1188, Theodore, likely already the ruler of his native
In circa 1193 (or possibly 1190), however,
In late 1196, the new emperor, Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203), bought Mangaphas from the sultan, on condition that his life was to be spared, and that he would not spend the rest of his life in prison.[8] He remained in prison for an unknown period of time before he was released (at any rate before 1204) and returned to Philadelphia.[3][4]
Second usurpation
In the chaos of the
Surname
Theodore's surname, Mangaphas, is not Greek, and represents perhaps a Hellenized form of the Turkish mankafa meaning fool or idiot. It is hence possible that it was not his actual surname, but a translation into Turkish of his Greek sobriquet Morotheodoros, which then was adopted by the later Greek chroniclers. There is, however, also evidence for the existence of other members of the Mangaphas family in the 11th and 13th centuries independently of Theodore.[10] In addition, a number of silver coins found in a hoard in Aphrodisias, and which is commonly attributed to Mangaphas,[11] seems to include "M[angaphas]" as if it were his proper surname.[12]
References
- ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
- ^ Vougiouklaki 2003, Note 2
- ^ a b c d e f Brand 1991, p. 1286.
- ^ a b c d e f Vougiouklaki 2003, Biography and Activities
- ^ Choniates 1984, p. 219.
- ^ Choniates 1984, pp. 219–220.
- ^ Peacock 2014, p. 273.
- ^ Beihammer 2011, p. 605.
- ^ Choniates 1984, pp. 331.
- ^ Vougiouklaki 2003, Note 1
- ^ Vougiouklaki 2003, Note 3
- ^ "The Usurper Theodore Mancaphas ("the Crazed")". Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
Sources
- Brand, Charles M. (1991). "Mankaphas, Theodore". In ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- ISBN 0-8143-1764-2.
- Vougiouklaki, Penelope (17 October 2003). "Theodore Mangaphas". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- Beihammer, Alexander D. (2011). "Defection across the Border of Islam and Christianity: Apostasy and Cross-Cultural Interaction in Byzantine-Seljuk Relations". Speculum. 86 (3 JULY): 597–651. .
- Peacock, A.C.S. (2014). "The Seljuk Sultanate of Rūm and the Turkmen of the Byzantine frontier, 1206–1279*". Al-Masāq: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean. 26 (3). Taylor & Francis: 267–287. .