Thromboxane

Thromboxane is a member of the family of

-containing ring.

Thromboxane is named for its role in blood clot formation (thrombosis).

Production

to thromboxane.

People with asthma tend to have increased thromboxane production, and analogs of thromboxane act as bronchoconstrictors in patients with asthma.^[1]

Mechanism

Thromboxane acts by binding to any of the

Functions

Thromboxane is a

vasoconstrictor

and a potent hypertensive agent, and it facilitates platelet aggregation.

It is in

, a related compound. The mechanism of secretion of thromboxanes from platelets is still unclear. They act in the formation of blood clots and reduce blood flow to the site of a clot.

If the cap of a vulnerable plaque erodes or ruptures, as in myocardial infarction, platelets stick to the damaged lining of the vessel and to each other within seconds and form a plug. These "Sticky platelets" secrete several chemicals, including thromboxane A2 that stimulate vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow at the site.

Role of A2 in platelet aggregation

Thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂), produced by activated platelets, has prothrombotic properties, stimulating activation of new platelets as well as increasing platelet aggregation.

Platelet aggregation is achieved by mediating expression of the glycoprotein complex

.

Pathology

It is believed that the vasoconstriction caused by thromboxanes plays a role in

are metabolized to produce higher levels of TxA₃, which is relatively less potent than TxA₂ and PGI₃; therefore, there is a balance shift toward inhibition of vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. It is believed that this shift in balance lowers the incidence of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke. Vasoconstriction and, perhaps, various proinflammatory effects exerted by TxA on tissue microvasculature, is probable reason why the TxA is pathogenic in various diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury.,[3] hepatic inflammatory processes,^[4] acute hepatotoxicity ^[5] etc. TxB2, a stable degradation product of TxA2, plays a role in acute hepatoxicity induced by acetaminophen.^[6][7]

Thromboxane inhibitors

Thromboxane inhibitors are broadly classified as either those that inhibit the synthesis of thromboxane, or those that inhibit the target effect of it.

Thromboxane synthesis inhibitors, in turn, can be classified regarding which step in the synthesis they inhibit:

• The widely used drug aspirin acts by inhibiting the ability of the COX enzyme to synthesize the precursors of thromboxane within platelets. Low-dose, long-term aspirin use irreversibly blocks the formation of thromboxane A₂ in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. This anticoagulant property makes aspirin useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks.^[8] 40 mg of aspirin a day is able to inhibit a large proportion of maximum thromboxane A₂ release provoked acutely, with the prostaglandin I2 synthesis being little affected; however, higher doses of aspirin are required to attain further inhibition.^[9]
• thromboxane synthase) in the synthesis of thromboxane. Ifetroban is a potent and selective thromboxane receptor antagonist.^[10] Dipyridamole
  antagonizes this receptor too, but has various other mechanisms of antiplatelet activity as well.
• High-dose
  COX-1 and have been found to be associated "with a small but definite vascular hazard".^[11]

The inhibitors of the target effects of thromboxane are the

.

Picotamide has activity both as a thromboxane synthase inhibitor and as a thromboxane receptor antagonist.^[12]

Ridogrel is another example.^[13]

References

External links

• Thromboxanes at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)