Triplofusus giganteus
| Triplofusus giganteus | |
|---|---|
| |
| In situ, note the orange soft parts | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Fasciolariidae |
| Genus: | Triplofusus |
| Species: | T. giganteus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Triplofusus giganteus (Kiener, 1840)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Triplofusus giganteus,
Although known as a horse conch, this is not a true conch, as it is not in the family Strombidae.
With a shell length that can reach 60 cm, this species is the largest gastropod in United States waters,[3] and one of the largest gastropods in the world.
Taxonomy
Triplofusus giganteus was named by
Distribution
This large sea snail is found along the Atlantic coast of the Americas from the U.S. state of North Carolina to the north, to Yucatán in the Gulf of Mexico to the south.[3]
Anatomy
Triplofusus giganteus is the largest species of snail in North America. It has been hypothesized that female individuals reach larger sizes than males.[5] The animal can retract the soft parts entirely into the shell and close it with the operculum. The soft parts are bright orange in color.
Shell
The largest known specimen of Triplofusus giganteus had a shell 604.8 millimetres (23.81 in) long.[6] However, populations have declined in size in recent years due to overharvesting; the largest individuals observed in various recent surveys have had shells ranging from 341 to 400 millimetres (13.4 to 15.7 in).[7]
The outline of the shell is somewhat fusiform, with a long siphonal canal, and having up to 10 whorls.[3] Its sculpture present several spiral cords and axial ribs, some of which can form knobs on the whorls' shoulders.[3]
The shell color is bright orange in very young individuals. The shell often becomes greyish white to salmon-orange when adult, with a light tan or dark brown periostracum.[3]
Ecology
Habitat
This species dwells on sand, weed, and mud flats from the low intertidal to shallow subtidal zones,[3] in 20 foot (6 m) deep water. They are found at depths ranging from 0 to 100 m.[8]
Feeding habits
Triplofusus giganteus is a
Reproduction
Female T. giganteus probably attain reproductive maturity at an age of six or seven years and shell length of 200 to 250 mm.[13] In a single spawning event, a female can lay up to 400 egg capsules, each of which can contain 70 offspring.[14] However, spawning events are infrequent and individuals probably only live a few years after attaining reproductive maturity.[15]
Predators
T. giganteus are commonly eaten by
Parasites
Parasites of Triplofusus giganteus include trematode Lophotaspis vallei.[17]
Human use
Modern times
The U.S. state of Florida declared it the state seashell in 1969. The shell is popular with shell collectors partly because of its great size.
Archaeological and anthropological uses
In classic
In southern Florida, Native Americans, including the Calusa and Tequesta, used the horse conch to make several types of artifact. The whole shell, or more commonly only the columella, was attached to a wooden handle and used as a hammer or woodworking tool. The body whorl was used as a drinking cup. The columella was also used to make plummets or sinkers.
Conservation
Populations of T. giganteus are in decline,[14] and because of the rarity of their spawning events they are vulnerable to population collapse.[18]
References
- ^ a b Rosenberg, G. (2018). Triplofusus giganteus (Kiener, 1840). In: MolluscaBase (2018). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=420051 on 2021-07-02
- ^ "Hermit Crab vs. Conch | World's Deadliest". Nat Geo Wild. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Leal, J.H. (2002). Gastropods. p. 99-147. In: Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. 1600p. PDF
- ^ Lyons & Lee 2018.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 10.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 3.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 12.
- ^ Rosenberg, Moretzsohn & García 2009, p. 654.
- ^ a b Paine 1963, p. 67.
- ^ Wells F. E., Walker D. I. & Jones D. S. (eds.) (2003). Food of giants – field observations on the diet of Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Turbinellidae) the largest living gastropod. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth.
- ^ Toller, W.; Lewis, K-A. (2003). Queen Conch Strombus gigas (PDF). U.S.V.I. Animal Fact Sheet. Vol. 19. U.S.V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources Division of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-16.
- ^ Dietl 2003, p. 759.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 11.
- ^ a b Herbert et al. 2022, p. 2.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Baughman & Springer 1950, p. 102.
- PMID 25781098.
- ^ Herbert et al. 2022, p. 13.
Works cited
- Baughman, J. L.; Springer, Stewart (1950). "Biological and Economic Notes on the Sharks of the Gulf of Mexico, with Especial Reference to Those of Texas, and with a Key for their Identification". American Midland Naturalist. 44 (1): 96. JSTOR 2421758.
- Dietl, Gregory P. (2003). "First report of cannibalism in Triplofusus giganteus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae)". Bulletin of Marine Science. 73 (3): 757–761.
- Herbert, Gregory S.; Geiger, Stephen P.; Hesterberg, Stephen G.; Seiden, Nicole; Rogers, Jaime A.; Harke, Ryan M.; Šala, Martin; West, Kaydee J.; Goddard, Ethan A. (6 April 2022). "Age and growth of one of the world's largest carnivorous gastropods, the Florida Horse Conch, Triplofusus giganteus (Kiener, 1840), a target of unregulated, intense harvest". PLOS ONE. 17 (4): e0265095. PMID 35385498.
- Lyons, William G.; Lee, Harry G. (2018-09-15). "Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener, 1840 (currently Triplofusus giganteus; Mollusca, Gastropoda, Fasciolariidae): the correct name for the horse conch of the southeastern United States and Mexico". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 75 (1): 195. S2CID 91256565.
- Paine, Robert T. (1963). "Trophic relationships of 8 sympatric predatory gastropods". Ecology. 44 (1): 63–73. JSTOR 1933181.
- Rosenberg, Gary; Moretzsohn, Fabio; García, Emilio F. (2009). "Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico". In Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (eds.). Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 579–699. ISBN 978-1-60344-094-3.
- Snyder, Martin Avery; Vermeij, Geerat J; Lyons, William G (2012). "The genera and biogeography of Fasciolariinae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda, Fasciolariidae)". Basteria. 76 (1–3): 31–70.
- Rosenberg, G. 1992. Encyclopedia of Seashells. Dorset: New York. 224 pp. page(s): 91