User:Buidhe paid/Software
Software is defined narrowly as unambiguous instructions that can be transformed into a form executable on computer hardware, or more broadly including supporting concepts, tools and methods needed to make the computer system operational.
Building off of previous innovations in
interpreters are needed to link a program with other code that it relies on and convert the software into machine code that can be executed
on the hardware. Programs are combined with each other and with external input to be capable of accomplishing a complex task.
GPS
.
Definition
Software can be defined more narrowly as the instructions executed by the
architectural diagrams—some of which are also software—are essential to the design and execution of most computing systems.[3] Although software is intangible,[5][6] software makes instructions for computer hardware to produce visible and tangible effects.[7]
History
A host of earlier inventions were necessary for the creation of software, including
digital computers, as it was created specifically for these devices and was necessary to realize their usefulness.[11]
The first programmable computers, which appeared at the end of the 1940s,John Wilder Tukey in 1958.[3]
The first software was tied closely to the underlying hardware and consequently was not
academia have had a strong influence on the development of different aspects of software.[19]
Types
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There are two main types of software:
- Operating systems are "the layer of software that manages a computer's resources for its users and their applications".[20] There are three main purposes that an operating system fulfills:[21]
- Allocating resources between different applications, deciding when they will receive central processing unit (CPU) time or space in memory.[21]
- Providing an interface that abstracts the details of accessing hardware details (like physical memory) to make things easier for programmers.[21][22]
- Offering common services, such as an interface for accessing network and disk devices. This enables an application to be run on different hardware without needing to be rewritten.[23]
- Application software runs on top of the operating system and uses the computer's resources to perform a task.[24] There are many different types of application software because the range of tasks that can be performed with modern computers is so large.[25] Applications account for most software[26] and require the environment provided by an operating system, and often other applications, in order to function.[27]
Software can also be categorized by how it is
subscription fee.[28] By 2023, SaaS products—which are usually delivered via a web application—had become the primary method that companies deliver applications.[31]
Software development and maintenance
software development life cycle
from 1988. The numbers represent the typical cost of each phase.Software companies aim to deliver a high-quality product on time and under budget. A challenge is that
software development methodologies, which vary to completing all steps in order to concurrent and iterative models.[41] Software development is driven by requirements taken from prospective users, as opposed to maintenance that is driven by events such as a change request.[42]
Frequently, software is
legacy software and can remain in use for decades, even if there is no one left who knows how to fix it.[5] Over the lifetime of the product, software maintenance is estimated to comprise 75 percent or more of the total development cost.[46][47]
Completing a software project involves various forms of expertise, not just in
software programmers but also testing, documentation writing, project management, graphic design, user experience, user support, marketing, and fundraising.[48][49][34]
Quality and security
Software quality is defined as meeting the stated requirements as well as customer expectations.[50] Quality is an overarching term that can refer to a code's correct and efficient behavior, its reusability and portability, or the ease of modification.[51] It is usually more cost-effective to build quality into the product from the beginning rather than try to add it later in the development process.[52] Higher quality code will reduce lifetime cost to both suppliers and customers as it is more reliable and easier to maintain.[53][54] Software failures in safety-critical systems can be very serious including death.[53] By some estimates, the cost of poor quality software can be as high as 20 to 40 percent of sales.[55] Despite developers' goal of delivering a product that works entirely as intended, virtually all software contains bugs.[56]
The rise of the Internet also greatly increased the need for
denial of service attacks that compromise a system's availability, others allow the attacker to inject and run their own code (called malware), without the user being aware of it.[59] To thwart cyberattacks, all software in the system must be designed to withstand and recover from external attack.[58] Despite efforts to ensure security, a significant fraction of computers are infected with malware.[63]
Encoding and execution
Programming languages
compiled and run, it will give the output "Hello, world!
".Programming languages are the format in which software is written. Since the 1950s, thousands of different programming languages have been invented; some have been in use for decades, while others have fallen into disuse.
Compilation, interpretation, and execution
The invention of high-level programming languages was simultaneous with the
libraries. Part of the compiler's function is to link these files in such a way that the program can be executed by the hardware. Once compiled, the program can be saved as an object file and the loader (part of the operating system) can take this saved file and execute it as a process on the computer hardware.[69] Some programming languages use an interpreter instead of a compiler. An interpreter converts the program into machine code at run time, which makes them 10 to 100 times slower than compiled programming languages.[70][71]
Legal issues
Liability
Software is often released with the knowledge that it is incomplete or contains bugs. Purchasers knowingly buy it in this state, which has led to a legal regime where liability for software products is significantly curtailed compared to other products.[72]
Licenses
Source code is protected by
Open-source licenses, in contrast, allow free use and redistribution of software with few conditions.[74] Most open-source licenses used for software require that modifications be released under the same license, which can create complications when open-source software is reused in proprietary projects.[76]
Patents
Supreme Court decided that business processes could be patented.[10] Patent applications are complex and costly, and lawsuits involving patents can drive up the cost of products.[79] Unlike copyrights, patents generally only apply in the jurisdiction where they were issued.[80]
Impact
Engineer
web search.[84] Most creative professionals have switched to software-based tools such as computer-aided design, 3D modeling, digital image editing, and computer animation.[81] Almost every complex device is controlled by software.[84]
References
- ^ a b c Kitchin & Dodge 2011, p. 5.
- ^ Osterweil 2013, p. 61.
- ^ a b c d Tracy 2021, p. 2.
- ^ Kitchin & Dodge 2011, pp. 3, 24.
- ^ a b Tracy 2021, p. 3.
- ^ Kitchin & Dodge 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Kitchin & Dodge 2011, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Jones 2014, pp. 19, 22.
- ^ Jones 2014, pp. 9, 21.
- ^ a b Jones 2014, p. 19.
- ^ Jones 2014, p. 22.
- ^ Gabbrielli & Martini 2023, p. 519.
- ^ Gabbrielli & Martini 2023, pp. 520–521.
- ^ Gabbrielli & Martini 2023, p. 522.
- ^ Gabbrielli & Martini 2023, p. 521.
- ^ a b Tracy 2021, p. 1.
- ^ Tracy 2021, p. 249.
- ^ Tracy 2021, p. 250.
- ^ Tracy 2021, pp. 250–251.
- ^ Anderson & Dahlin 2014, p. 6.
- ^ a b c Anderson & Dahlin 2014, p. 7.
- ^ Tanenbaum & Bos 2023, p. 5.
- ^ Anderson & Dahlin 2014, pp. 7, 9, 13.
- ^ Anderson & Dahlin 2014, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Jones 2014, p. 121.
- ^ Tracy 2021, p. 66.
- ^ Tracy 2021, p. 72.
- ^ a b O'Regan 2022, p. 386.
- ^ Campbell-Kelly & Garcia-Swartz 2015, pp. 156–157.
- ^ Rosati & Lynn 2020, p. 23.
- ^ Watt 2023, p. 4.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 7.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 5.
- ^ a b Dooley 2017, p. 1.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, pp. 18, 110–111.
- ^ Tracy 2021, pp. 43, 76.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, pp. 117–118.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 54.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 267.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 20.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 9.
- ^ Tripathy & Naik 2014, p. 26.
- ^ Reifer 2012, p. 22.
- ^ Tripathy & Naik 2014, pp. 4, 27.
- ^ Tripathy & Naik 2014, p. 89.
- ^ Varga 2018, p. 6.
- ^ Ulziit et al. 2015, p. 764.
- ^ Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011, p. 7.
- ^ Stull 2018, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Galin 2018, p. 3.
- ^ Galin 2018, p. 26.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, pp. 68, 117.
- ^ a b O'Regan 2022, pp. 3, 268.
- ^ Varga 2018, p. 12.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 119.
- ^ Ablon & Bogart 2017, p. 1.
- ^ Campbell-Kelly & Garcia-Swartz 2015, p. 164.
- ^ a b O'Regan 2022, p. 266.
- ^ a b c Ablon & Bogart 2017, p. 2.
- ^ Daswani & Elbayadi 2021, p. 25.
- ^ Daswani & Elbayadi 2021, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Haber & Hibbert 2018, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Kitchin & Dodge 2011, p. 37.
- ^ Tracy 2021, p. 117.
- ^ Tracy 2021, pp. 118–120.
- ^ Tracy 2021, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Kitchin & Dodge 2011, p. 26.
- ^ Tracy 2021, p. 121.
- ^ Tracy 2021, pp. 122–123.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 375.
- ^ Sebesta 2012, p. 28.
- ^ Kitchin & Dodge 2011, pp. 36–37.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, pp. 394–396.
- ^ a b O'Regan 2022, p. 403.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, pp. 394, 404.
- ^ Langer 2016, pp. 44–45.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 395.
- ^ Gerardo Con Díaz, "The Text in the Machine: American Copyright Law and the Many Natures of Software, 1974–1978", Technology and Culture 57 (October 2016), 753–79.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 398.
- ^ O'Regan 2022, p. 399.
- ^ a b Manovich 2013, p. 333.
- ^ Jones 2014, p. 32.
- ^ Kitchin & Dodge 2011, p. iv.
- ^ a b c Jones 2014, p. xxviii.
- ^ Manovich 2013, p. 329.
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- Rosati, Pierangelo; Lynn, Theo (2020). "Measuring the Business Value of Infrastructure Migration to the Cloud". Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing. Springer International Publishing. pp. 19–37. ISBN 978-3-030-43198-3.
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