User:Cesiumfrog/Hominoid taxonomy

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Homo neanderthalensis
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
, a candidate for being considered the earliest fossil hominin.
Western gorilla

Taxonomy (current)

The current taxonomy for all species of apes is:

Hominoidea
Homininae
Hylobatidae
Hylobates

Lar gibbon or white-handed gibbon

Bornean white-bearded gibbon

Agile gibbon or black-handed gibbon

Müller's Bornean gibbon
or grey gibbon

Silvery gibbon

Pileated gibbon or capped gibbon

Kloss's gibbon or Mentawai gibbon or bilou

Hoolock
Symphalangus

Siamang

Nomascus

Terminology

Clades which include humans

A major focus of hominoid taxonomy is the evolutionary history of humans, and hence on clades which contain Homo sapiens.

Hominina

In the taxonomic classification of

Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus and Sahelanthropus.[1]
Members are known as hominans or hominas

Hominini

Hominini is the

Hominina is the "human" branch, including genus Homo. Researchers proposed the taxon Hominini on the basis of the idea that the least similar species of a trichotomy should be separated from the other two. Some earlier classification schemes include the genus Pan
(chimpanzees) within the Hominini, but this classification is now rarely followed.

Through

Argon-argon dating, from Kenya's East African Rift Valley. All of the extinct genera listed in the table to the right are ancestral to Homo, or are offshoots of such. However, both Orrorin and Sahelanthropus
existed around the time of the split, and so may be ancestral to all three extant species.

In the proposal of Mann and Weiss (1996),

Hominina, while Pan is in the subtribe Panina. Wood (2010) discusses the different views of this taxonomy.[6]

Homininae

Homininae is a subfamily of

hominids that arose after the split from orangutans (Ponginae). Roughly, it is the African great apes. The Homininae cladogram
has three main branches, which lead to gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. There are several extant species of chimpanzees and gorillas, but only one human species remains, although several sub-species of Homo sapiens still existed 30,000 years ago. Organisms in this class are described as hominine or hominines.

Hominidae

The great apes, that is, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.

Hominoidea

Apes (gibbons and the great apes) including humans.

History of classification

See also: List of human evolution fossils

Until 1980, the family Hominidae contained only humans, with the

great apes in the family Pongidae.[7] Later discoveries led to a revision of classification, with Hominidae uniting the great apes (now in the sub-family Ponginae) and humans (in the sub-family Homininae).[8] Further discoveries indicated that gorillas and chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than they are to orangutans, leading to their current placement in Homininae as well.[9]

The subfamily Homininae can be further subdivided into three tribes, each with only a single living genus:

basal members of this clade, not assignable to any of the three extant tribes. They suggest that the Homininae tribes diverged not earlier than about 8 million years ago (see Human evolutionary genetics
).

Today, chimpanzees and gorillas live in tropical forests with acid soils that rarely preserved as fossils. No fossil chimpanzees or gorillas have been reported. However, four chimpanzee teeth, about 500,000 years old, have recently been discovered in the rift valley,[

H. rhodesiensis
) at the time; the same is likely true for gorillas.

Evolution

Evolution of bipedalism

See also: Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism

Recent studies of

modern humans
.

Brain size evolution

There has been a gradual increase in brain volume (

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. However, modern Homo sapiens have a brain volume slightly smaller (1250 cm3) than Neanderthals, women have a brain slightly smaller than men and the Flores hominids (Homo floresiensis), nicknamed hobbits, had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm3 (considered small for a chimpanzee), about a third of the Homo erectus average. It is proposed that they evolved from H. erectus as a case of insular dwarfism.[citation needed] In spite of their smaller brain, there is evidence that H. floresiensis used fire and made stone tools at least as sophisticated as those of their proposed ancestors H. erectus.[12] In this case, it seems that for intelligence, the structure of the brain is more important than its size.[13]

Evolution of family structure and sexuality

See also: Human sexuality

Sexuality is related to family structure and partly shapes it. The involvement of fathers in education is quite unique to humans, at least when compared to other Homininae.

rhesus monkeys, and possibly in chimpanzees, but does not in gorillas and is quite uncommon in other primates (and other mammal groups).[15]

See also
Wikispecies has information related to Homininae.
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of: Homininae

References

  1. ^ A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini, a hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae, a hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, and a hominoid is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea.
  1. ^
    PMID 10999270
    .
  2. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00840.x
    .
  3. ^ "Human and chimp genomes reveal new twist on origin of species". [ EurekAlert!/AAAS]. 2006-05-17. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. PMID 16136135
    .
  5. PMID 8673284
    .
  6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001649107
    .
  7. ^ M. Goodman (1964). "Man's place in the phylogeny of the primates as reflected in serum proteins". In S. L. Washburn (ed.). Classification and human evolution. Aldine, Chicago. pp. 204–234.
  8. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.001223
    .
  9. PMID 2109087.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  10. ^ McBrearty and Jablonski, Nature, 2005
  11. PMID 19667206
  12. PMID 15514638. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  13. ^ Davidson, Iain. "As large as you need and as small as you can'--implications of the brain size of Homo floresiensis, (Iain Davidson)". Une-au.academia.edu. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
  14. ^ Diamond, Jared. The Third Chimpanzee.
  15. ^
    Why is Sex Fun?
    .
  • "Human Evolutionary Genetics" Jobling M.A., Hurles M., Tyler Smith C. 2004, Garland Science, New York
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