User:ChrisPond/Time-Division Long-Term Evolution

Time-division Long-Term Evolution (TD-LTE), also referred to as Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex (LTE TDD), is a

There are two major differences between TD-LTE and LTE FDD: how data is uploaded and downloaded, and what frequency spectra the networks are deployed in. While LTE FDD uses paired frequencies to upload and download data,[5] TD-LTE uses a single frequency, alternating between uploading and downloading data through time.^[6][7] The ratio between uploads and downloads on a TD-LTE network can be changed dynamically, depending on whether more data needs to be sent or received.^[8] TD-LTE and LTE FDD also operate on different frequency bands,^[9] with TD-LTE working better at higher frequencies, and LTE FDD working better at lower frequencies.^[10] Frequencies used for TD-LTE range from 1850 MHz to 3800 MHz, with several different bands being used.^[11] The TD-LTE spectrum is generally cheaper to access, and has less traffic.^[9] Further, the bands for TD-LTE overlap with those used for WiMAX, which can easily be upgraded to support TD-LTE.^[9]

Despite the differences in how the two types of LTE handle data transmission, TD-LTE and LTE FDD share 90 percent of their core technology, making it possible for the same chipsets and networks to use both versions of LTE.

Trials of TD-LTE technology began as early as 2010, with Reliance Industries and Ericsson India conducting field tests of TD-LTE in India, achieving 80 megabyte-per second download speeds and 20 megabyte-per-second upload speeds.^[22] By 2011, China Mobile began trials of the technology in six cities.^[2]

Although initially seen as a technology utilized by only a few countries, including China and India,

In the U.S., Clearwire planned to implement TD-LTE, with chip-maker Qualcomm agreeing to support Clearwire's frequencies on its multi-mode LTE chipsets.[26] With Sprint's acquisition of Clearwire in 2013,^[5][27] the carrier began using these frequencies for LTE service on networks built by Samsung, Alcatel-Lucent, and Nokia.^[28][29]

As of March 2013, 156 commercial 4G LTE networks existed, including 142 LTE FDD networks and 14 TD-LTE networks.^[16] As of November 2013, the South Korean government planned to allow a fourth wireless carrier in 2014, which would provide TD-LTE services,^[7] and in December of 2013, TD-LTE licenses were granted to China's three mobile operators, allowing commercial deployment of 4G LTE services.^[30]

In January 2014, Nokia Solutions and Networks indicated that it had completed a series of tests of voice over LTE (VoLTE) calls on China Mobile's TD-LTE network.^[31] The next month, Nokia Solutions and Networks and Sprint announced that they had demonstrated throughput speeds of 2.6 gigabits per second throughput using a TD-LTE network, surpassing the previous record of 1.6 gigbits per second.^[32]

Deployment, commercial networks and devices

As of January 2014^[update], there were 28 commercial TD-LTE networks operating in 21 countries worldwide, with an additional 45 networks planned or in deployment.^[33] TD-LTE deployments are especially popular in Asia and the Pacific, with 47 percent of TD-LTE contracts awarded to vendors from this region. In second place is the Middle East, with 18 percent of contracts.^[34] According to a report conducted by research firm Ovum Ltd. in June of 2012, TD-LTE connections are expected to make up 25 percent of all LTE connections worldwide by 2016, with operators in Japan, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, and Denmark having implemented the technology, or planning to in the future.^[26]

In 2013, a total of 705 new LTE devices were launched worldwide, of which 304 supported TD-LTE, up from 180 devices in 2012.^[35] By the end of the year, LG, Samsung, and Nokia had all demonstrated devices which support TD-LTE, or indicated that they plan to launch devices that support the technology in the future.^[13] Apple also introduced iPhone 5S and 5C models that support both TD-LTE and LTE FDD.^[36][37]

References