User:Frochtrup/work2

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

History

The city's name, Shenyang, literally means "the

Yang side of the Shen River", referring to the fact that the Hun River, formerly called the Shen River (瀋水; Shěn Shuǐ), is at the south side of the city. According to Chinese tradition, a river's north bank and a mountain's south slope are considered to be the "sunny" – or "Yang" – side.[1]

Ancient era

Xinle Civilization

Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8,000 years ago. The remains of the

neolithic period society over 6,800–7,200 years old,[2]
are located in a museum in the north part of Huanggu District. It is complemented by a recreated village on site. A wood-sculptured bird unearthed there is the earliest cultural relic in Shenyang, as well as one of oldest wood sculptures found anywhere in the world.

The city, now known as Shenyang, was first established in about 300 BCE during the

Liaodong region,[3] and was then named Hou City (侯城; Hóu Chéng). However, around 350 years later during the reign of Emperor Guangwu of Han, the city was sacked and burnt by the Donghu nomads and subsequently abandoned. It came back to prominence during early Liao dynasty and was known as the Shen Prefecture (瀋州; Shěn Zhōu) through to the end of Jin dynasty, and became the Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路; Shěnyáng Lù) during the Yuan dynasty.[4] During the Ming dynasty, it was designated as a "guard town" (militarized settlements, such as walled/heavily garrisoned cities or towns) named Shenyang Central Guard (瀋陽中衛; Shěnyáng Zhōngwèi) and gradually became one of the most important strongholds beyond the Shanhai Pass
.

Manchu capital

The Mukden Palace

In 1625, the

Manchu word, mukdembi (Manchu: ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ), meaning "to rise" as reflected also by its Han Chinese name.[6] Under Nurhaci's orders, the Imperial Palace was constructed in 1626, symbolizing the city's emerging status as the Jurchen political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur.[6]

After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and the routing of the Shun army in the Battle of Shanhai Pass merely a day later, the Manchus successfully entered the Shanhai Pass to establish the Qing dynasty in China proper, with the capital relocated to Beijing. However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and the spiritual home of the Qing dynasty through the centuries.[6] Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture (奉天府; Fèngtiān Fŭ; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡶᡠ, Möllendorff: abkai imiyangga fu, Abkai: abkai imiyangga fu or Manchu: ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: fung tiyian, Abkai: fung tiyian) was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian (lit. 'mandated by Heaven') was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden.[7]

Russian and Japanese influence

Japanese-administered zone (orange) and the old Shenyang city (violet) in 1919

After the

South Manchurian Railway.[8][9]

During the Russo-Japanese War (1904—1905), Mukden was the site of the Battle of Mukden from February 19 to March 10, 1905.[10][11] Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it was the largest battle since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, and also the largest modern-era battle ever fought in Asia before World War II.[12] Following the Japanese victory, Mukden became one of the chief bases of Japanese presence and economic expansion into southern Manchuria. It also became the government seat of Fengtian province in 1910.[13]

Warlord Era and Japanese occupation

Huanggutun Incident
Japanese troops entering Shenyang during Mukden Incident

In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang,[14] but continued to be known as Mukden (sometimes spelled Moukden) in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/奉天" for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type "SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/瀋陽 (奉天)" datestamp was used until 1933.

In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. The

his train was blown up on June 4, 1928[16] at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge.[17] At the time, several factories were built by Zhang to manufacture ammunition in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development.[18]

At around 10:20 pm on September 18, 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated close to a railway line near Mukden owned by the Japanese

Aisin Gioro Puyi as the figurehead.[22] During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945), the city was again called Fengtian (and Mukden in English),[23] and was developed by the Japanese into a center of heavy industry.[23][24] Japan was able to exploit resources in Manchuria using the extensive network of railroads.[25] For example, vast expanses of Manchurian forest were chopped down.[26] The development of Shenyang was also unbalanced in this period; municipal facilities were mostly located in Japanese residential areas, while Chinese residential areas had poor living conditions.[24]

Post-World War II

Liaoshen Campaign

Under

Liaoshen Campaign.[36][41]

Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang has somehow managed to grow and increase its industrial might, despite consecutive wars with Russia and Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Second World War, and China's Civil War (Shenyang became the main battleground between the Communists and Nationalists). The city never came to an economic halt until the 1990s, when its massive factories went bankrupt and left millions jobless, which was well documented in the film Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks.[42]

  1. ^ 顾奎相 (January 2013). 沈阳名称由来考——因"沈水"而得名,非"合成"说. 《理论界》 (1).
  2. ^ Archaeology of Asia, pp.129
  3. ^ 陈寿 (2000). 《三国志·魏志·东夷传》 (in Simplified Chinese). 浙江古籍出版社. 昔萁子之后北朝鲜侯，自称为王，后子孙稍骄虐，燕乃遣将秦开，攻其西方，取地两千余里，至满番汗为界，朝鲜遂弱。
  4. ^ 沈阳历史 (in Chinese). 中国网. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  5. ^ Ebrey (2010), pp. 220–224.
  6. ^ a b c 盛京城史话 (in Chinese). 辽宁省档案信息网. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
  7. ^ 三陵巷 三陵衙门和盛京将军 (in Chinese). 中国经济网. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  8. ^ The Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68. NEW YORK: The Century Co. 1904. p. 581. Retrieved 2011-07-06.(Original from Harvard University)
  9. ^ Making of America Project (1904). The Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68. NEW YORK: Scribner & Co. p. 581. Retrieved 2011-07-06.(Original from the University of Michigan)
  10. ^ Palmer, Colton & Kramer 2007, p. 673
  11. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5
    . Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  12. ^ Menning p.187
  13. ^ 刘思铎、陈伯超 (2013). 奉天省咨议局建筑特点研究. 《华中建筑》 (4).
  14. ^ 沈阳市沈河区外经贸之窗. 中华人民共和国商务部. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  15. ^ 追溯沈阳行政区划的百年印记. 《沈阳晚报》. 2013-10-29. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  16. ^ Hata 288
  17. ^ 日本早期对华侵略：皇姑屯事件. 新华网. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  18. ^ 李彤 (2009-02-12). 奉天军械厂. 《沈阳日报》. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  19. ISBN 978-0-521-22357-7
  20. ^ a b c 82年前"九一八". 《石家庄日报》. 2013-09-16. Archived from the original on 2014-11-30. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  21. ^ Behr 1987, p. 182
  22. ^ Fenby, Jonathan. Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf: 2003, p. 202
  23. ^ a b 詹德华 (2012-04-06). 初建,一个工业区的诞生. 《沈阳晚报》. Archived from the original on 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  24. ^ a b 卫岚. 沈阳四次编制城市总体规划. 东北新闻网. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  25. ^ 辽宁沈阳简介. 农业部都市重点实验室. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  26. ^ Prasenjit Duara. "The New Imperialism and the Post-Colonial Developmental State: Manchukuo in comparative perspective". Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  27. Battlefield (documentary series)
    , 2001, 98 minutes.
  28. ^ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
  29. ^ Mydans, Seth (11 June 1997). "Li Shuxian, 73, Widow of Last China Emperor". The New York Times.
  30. ^ Christian Science Monitor, 12 October 1945.
    Japanese armies were guilty of appalling excesses, both in China and elsewhere, and had the Russians dealt harshly with only Japanese nationals in Manchuria this would have appeared as just retribution. But the indiscriminate looting and raping inflicted upon the unoffending Chinese by the Russians naturally aroused the keenest indignation.
  31. ^ F. C. Jones (1949). "Chapter XII – Events in Manchuria, 1945–47". Manchuria since 1931 (PDF). London, Oxford University Press: Royal Institute of International Affairs. pp. 224–5, 227–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2014-02-12. (The relevant sections also appear at Talk:Soviet invasion of Manchuria/Events in Manchuria, 1945-47)
  32. ISBN 978-1-4391-4893-8
    . Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  33. ISBN 0-7656-0785-9
    . Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  34. ISBN 0-415-29717-6
    . Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  35. ISBN 978-0-8129-6732-6
    . Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  36. ^ a b Yu Huating (于化庭) (2008), 沈阳的解放与成功接管, 《党史纵横》 (8)
  37. ^ 1948年，沈阳解放改变了中国与世界. 《沈阳晚报》 (in Simplified Chinese). 2013-10-29. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
  38. ^ 1948年11月2日 沈阳解放. 中国新闻周刊网. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  39. ^ Zhang Mingjin (張明金); Liu Liqin (劉立勤) (2007). 《國民黨歷史上的158個軍》. Beijing: 解放軍出版社.
  40. ^ Zhu Yuepeng (朱悦鹏). 《东北解放战争纪实》 (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: 长征出版社.
  41. ISBN 7-5034-0559-7
    .
  42. ^ CATSOULIS, Jeannette (2012-02-12). "West of the Tracks". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
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