User:Robbiemuffin/Devanagari vowels

Vowels

The vowels and their arrangement are:^[1]

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• Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal
  palatal nasals
  to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system".
• Another diacritic is the
  vowel nasalization^[3] while the anusvār indicates a homorganic nasal preceding another consonant:^[4] e.g. हँसी [ɦə̃si] "laughter", गंगा [ɡəŋɡɑ] "the Ganges". When an akshara has a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the candra ("moon") stroke candrabindu, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot:^[5] हूँ [ɦũ] "am", but हैं [ɦɛ̃] "are". Some writers and typesetters dispense with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.^[6]
• The
  long vowel lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double avagraha: सदाऽऽत्मा sadātmā (< sadā + ātmā) "always, the self".^[7] In Hindi, Snell (2000:77) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFSnell2000 (help) states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": आईऽऽऽ! āīīī!. In Magahi, which has "quite a number of verbal forms [that] end in that inherent vowel" Verma (2003:501) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFVerma2003 (help), the avagraha is used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent a, which otherwise is a modern orthographic
  convention: बइठऽ baiṭha "sit" versus *बइठ baiṭh
• The syllabic consonants ṝ, ḷ, and ḹ are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the varṇamālā of other languages. The sound represented by ṛ has also been lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from [ɾɪ] (Hindi) to [ɾu] (Marathi).
• ḹ is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters.^[8]
• There are non-regular formations of रु ru and रू rū.