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See also: Protein methods

Protein detection is used for clinical diagnosis, treatment and biological research.[1] Protein detection evaluates the concentration and amount of different proteins in a particular specimen.[2] There are different methods and techniques to detect protein in different organisms. Protein detection has demonstrated important implications for clinical diagnosis, treatment and biological research.[3] Protein detection technique has been utilized to discover protein in different category food, such as soybeans (bean), walnuts (nut), and beef (meat).[4]

Protein Detection in Soybeans, Walnuts, Beef

Detection of Functional Modes in Protein
Main articles: Soybean and Walnut

Purpose for protein detection in food

Soybean Plant

anaphylactic response result in fatal consequences.[5] According to statistic, about 2% adults and 8% children are experiencing hypersensitivity from industrialized countries. In order to reduce potential threatening reactions for life, avoiding the consumption from these allergenic foods strictly is  the valid therapy. Therefore, sufficient description in term of potentially allergenic ingredients existing in food products is crucial and indispensable which can be monitored through protein detection.[6].[7]

Rationale for protein detection in soybeans

The soybean has been consumed in processed foods all over the word because of its high nutrient and easy processing characteristic such as soybean milk, tofu, meat alternatives, and brewed soybean products.[5] microorganisms is used in brewage process for brewed soybean products like miso, soy sauce, natto and tempeh. Allergenicity stays in brewed soybean products. In Asian countries, these brewed soybean products are popular and traditional. The amount of patients from soybean allergy and the nearly infinite uses for soybean have gone up in the past a couple of years.[8]

Previous method for protein detection in soybeans

During the last 30 years, broad methods and techniques were experimented to discover soybean protein. These methods and techniques can be conveyed to lab environment easily.

molecular block of 34 kDa. The ELISA illustrated sufficient repeatability and reproducibility in lab assessment. But it can not test protein in soybean existing in brewed soybean products.[10] There are different studies to conduct experiments to assess soybean protein through ELISA. However, reproducibility, cross-reactivity and low repeatability make measurement difficult to be reliable in processed foods. These methods can not discover soybean protein staying in brewed soybean products.[11]

Current method for protein detection in soybeans

Compared with previous method, a

supernatant is selected by a 0.8-μm microfilter paper. The protein substance from the initial abstract is inspected with a 2-D Quant Kit. The initial abstract is diluted to 50 ng/mL combined with 0.1% SDS, 0.1% 2-ME, 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4), 0.1% BSA, and 0.1% Tween 20, and it is deposited for ELISA at 4 °C playing as the calibration standard solution.[8]

Conclusion for current protein detection method in soybeans.

The detection limit for the ELISA is 1 μg/g and it can not assess soybean proteins existing in brewed soybean products due to degradation of the proteins in soybean through microbial proteolytic enzymes staying in the brewed products. The microbial proteolytic enzymes possibly restrain the detection of soybean protein storing in the brewed soybean products. The current abstraction technique can control protein degradation through the microbial proteolytic enzymes. The microbial proteolytic enzymes can be inhibited by heating, pH, and protease inhibitors in general.[14] The variable heating temperatures and abstraction times are examined to decide the ideal heating temperature and time to control microbial proteolytic enzymes. The heating conditions showed to optimize the control of microbial proteolytic enzymes is 80 °C for 15 minutes. So the heating temperature for the abstraction is set to 80 °C and the time is set to 15 minutes for the current abstraction technique.[15]

The current abstraction technique can restrain the degradation of soybean proteins through microbial proteolytic enzymes and can detect soybean protein in most brewed soybean products. The current abstraction technique combined with the heating is a useful and sensitive tool to discover soybean protein stored in processed foods and brewed soybean products. Without impacting microbial proteolytic enzymes, this method is appropriate to quantify soybean protein in processed foods. The proposed extraction and ELISA technique can be applied to control labeling systems for soybean ingredient through a trusty manner.[8]

Black Walnut
English Walnut

Rationale for protein detection in walnuts

2S albumin walnut protein.[35][36][37]

Current method for protein detection in walnuts

The sandwich-type walnut ELISA is the current method used to detect protein in walnuts. The sandwich-type walnut ELISA can be applied as a critical analytical technique by food manufacturers and regulatory agencies for hygiene validation and the assessment of allergen control strategies.[37]

Immunogen preparation

A mixture of several brands of English walnuts are used to produce the immunogen. The mixed walnuts need to be washed by deionized distilled water 6 times and air-dried. Portion of the walnuts are dry-roasted for 10 minutes at 270 ◦F. The roasted or raw walnuts are cleaved, frozen, and ground to a refined particle size through the blender. The ground roasted and ground raw walnuts are defatted and filtered. Then, the powdered raw or roasted walnuts are air-dried thoroughly. Both the defatted, powdered raw, and roasted walnuts can be utilized as immunogens. Protein concentrations of the defatted powdered immunogens are set through the Kjeldahl method with 46.4% raw defatted walnut and 34.9% roasted defatted walnut.[37]

Polyclonal antibody production and titer determination

Polyclonal antibodies are generated in 1 sheep, 1 goat, and 3 New Zealand white rabbits with each immunogen. The initial subcutaneous injections are given to the 10 animals including 3 rabbits, 1 sheep, and 1 goat on multiple sites with the defatted powdered immunogen and Freunds Complete Adjuvant. Titer values of collected antisera are evaluated by a noncompetitive ELISA method with walnut protein from abstracts of the proper raw or roasted immunogen.[37]  

Cross-reactivity study and ELISA method

A variety of tree nuts, seeds, legumes, fruits and food ingredients are assessed for

antibodies respectively.[37]
 

Conclusion for current protein detection method in walnuts

Walnut residues can be disclosed at 1 ppm quantitation limit in a diversity of food such as ice cream, muffins, cookies and chocolate. The walnut ELISA can be conducted to detect possible walnut residues allergy in other foods from sharing equipment and to evaluate the sanitation procedures targeted on removal of walnut residues from shared equipment in the food industry.[37]

Cattle

Rationale for protein detection in beef

It has been reported that animal feedingstuffs containing processed animal protein (PAP) contaminated with prions have caused BSE infection of the cattle. Processed animal proteins (PAP) has been prohibited to apply as feed material for all farmed animals except fish meal currently. In addition, infections from consumption of undercooked raw beef has been declaimed to be an important pathogen for Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7.[38]

Method for protein detection in beef

For processed animal protein, the specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based procedure parallelled with microscopic method is utilized to detect processed animal protein (PAP) in feedingstuffs. The limit detection for PCR has been evaluated on 0.05% for beef, 0.1% for pork and 0.2% for poultry meat and bone meal. Microscopic method can disclose 66.13% doubtful samples of feedingstuffs. Combined the results from the use of the microscopic and PCR methods, it has been stated that the molecular biology methods can be executed as a supplementary method for PAP detection.[39]

For undercooked raw beef, in order to make sure a safe beef supply, sensitive and quick detection techniques for E. coli O157:H7 are important in the meat industry.[38] Three different techniques can be used in raw ground beef: the VIDAS ultraperformance E. coli test (ECPT UP), a noncommercial real-time (RT) PCR method and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) reference method to detect E. coli O157:H7. 25 g of individual raw beef samples and 375 g of raw beef composites can be examined for optimal enrichment times and the efficacy of testing. 6 hours of enrichment is sufficient for both the VIDAS ECPT UP and RT-PCR methods for 25 g samples of each type of raw ground beef, but 24 hours of enrichment is acquired for 375 g samples. Both the VIDAS ECPT UP and RT-PCR methods can generate similar results with those gained from the USDA-FSIS reference method after 18 to 24 hours of enrichment. Low levels of E. coli O157:H7 in 25 g of various types of raw ground beef can be disclosed through these methods, and E. coli O157:H7 in composite raw ground beef up to 375 g can be detected as well.[38]

Implication from protein detection

Further information: Protein microarray

Protein detection in cells from the human rectal mucous membrane can imply colorectal disease such as colon tumours, inflammatory bowel disease.[40] Protein detection associated with antibody microarrays can implicate life signature for example organics and biochemical compounds in the solar system in astrobiology field.[41] Protein detection can monitor soybean protein labeling system in processed foods to protect consumers in a reliable way.[8] The detailed labeling description for soybean protein in refined foods declaimed by protein detection has indicated to be the most important solution to prevent the consumer allergic reaction.[8] Protein detection can implicate possible walnut residues mixed with other foods from sharing equipment and assess the sanitation procedures aimed at removal of walnut residues from shared equipment in the food industry.[37] Protein detection can indicate processed animal proteins in animal feedingstuffs to avoid infection of the cattle, and vital pathogen of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 for infection from consumption of undercooked raw beef.[38][39]

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soybean.
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