Mezzotint - The first tonal method of intaglio printing by impressing a plate with tiny half-tone dots through the use of a metal tool with small teeth known as a rocker. Known for their quality and richness. Invented in Germany by Ludwig von Siegen. His earliest known mezzotint work is from 1642 (portrait of Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg). Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (cavalry commander in the English Civil War) is possibly the inventor of the rocker. Example: John and William Sartain. Washington and His Family by William Sartain.
Stone Engraving - After 1850s. Invented by Senefelder. Standard method for printing maps and scientific drawings. Stone was covered in water-soluble ground and used a fine needle to draw (vs. pen-and-ink lithography). Grease was applied to stone and would only only adhere to the parts of the stone that were the ground had been removed by the needle. Characteristics: precise and delicate lines (similar to etching or steel engraving), but the lines have the consistent density as those found in lithography. (Gascoigne, 19f)
Offset printing (Offset Lithography) - Modern lithographic printing used to produce a a high-volume of printed materials, ranging from maps, books, posters, and product packaging.
ChromolithographyPhotolithography
Wikimedia Commons -- Atlas of the Netherlands. Maps made in the 17th century. Maps of the Dutch Empire. Maps of the history of the Netherlands. Maps of the Dutch Republic. Old maps of Amsterdam.
Capotain Hat - ca 1590-1650 - (Pilgrim hat). Unisex hat, commonly black. Worn in England and NW Europe. Can have either a flat or a rounded (sugarloaf) top. Examples: Gunpowder Plotters of 1605 by Crispijn van de Passe the Elder. Simon van de Passe, Pocahontas 1616
Ruff (clothing
Bobbin Lace - Rembrandt, Portrait of Maria Trip. Frans Hals, The Laughing Cavalier.
Women
Dutch cap - Traditional Dutch cap. Made of white cotton or lace. Examples: Vermeer, The Milkmaid.
Holland cloth - Fine, plain-woven linen. Could be made opaque with the use of fillers, sizing, and/or glazing. Typically sized with starch and glazed with filled oil.
Men
Chaperon (headgear) - Originated in the 1200s as a utilitarian garment and looked like a poncho with a hood. Very trendy in Burgundy Court from ca. 1450-1499 before returning to being a utilitarian garment. Worn with a large padded ring (bourrelet) across the forehead and fabric across or slightly piled on top. When it has a long tail, known as a liripipe. Examples: After Rogier van der Weyden, Portrait of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (ca. 1450). Jan van Eyck, Portrait of a Man (1433) & Portrait of a Young Man (Tymotheos) (1432).
- 1500-1700. Tall, buff-colored boots made of soft leather that were worn by members of the calvary. Similar to bucket boots which were folded over at the top and could be black. Bucket boots are often associated with pirates and musketeers. Examples: Anthony Mor, Portrait of Philip II in Armour (1557). The Nightwatch Company (1642). Bartholomeus van der Helst, Militia of District VIII. Charles I by Daniel Mytens.
Cuirass - 1300s-1600s - Breastplate only. Sometimes refers to both a breastplate and backplate.
