Baroque architecture

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Baroque architecture
St-Gervais-et-St-Protais
in France
Years activeLate 16th–18th centuries

Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe. It was originally introduced by the Catholic Church, particularly by the Jesuits, as a means to combat the Reformation and the Protestant church with a new architecture that inspired surprise and awe.[1] It reached its peak in the High Baroque (1625–1675), when it was used in churches and palaces in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Bavaria and Austria. In the Late Baroque period (1675–1750), it reached as far as Russia, the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. In about 1730, an even more elaborately decorative variant called Rococo appeared and flourished in Central Europe.[2][3]

cartouches and other decorative elements occupied every available space. In Baroque palaces, grand stairways became a central element.[4]

The Early Baroque (1584–1625) was largely dominated by the work of Roman architects, notably the

Santa Susanna (1603), by Carlo Maderno. In France, the Luxembourg Palace (1615–45) built by Salomon de Brosse for Marie de' Medici was an early example of the style.[5]

The High Baroque (1625–1675) produced major works in Rome by Pietro da Cortona, including the (Church of

Pavillon de l’Horloge of the Louvre Palace by Jacques Lemercier (1624–1645), the Chapel of the Sorbonne by Jacques Lemercier (1626–35) and the Château de Maisons by François Mansart
(1630–1651).

The Late Baroque (1675–1750) saw the style spread to all parts of Europe, and to the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World. National styles became more varied and distinct. The Late Baroque in France, under Louis XIV, was more ordered and classical; examples included the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles and the dome of Les Invalides. An especially ornate variant, appeared in the early 18th century; it was first called Rocaille in France; then Rococo in Spain and Central Europe. The sculpted and painted decoration covered every space on the walls and ceiling. Its most celebrated architect was Balthasar Neumann, noted for the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and the Würzburg Residence (1749–51).[6]

History

Early Baroque (1584–1625)

Main articles: Italian Baroque architecture and French Baroque architecture

Baroque architecture first appeared in the late 16th and early 17th century in religious architecture in Rome as a means to counter the popular appeal of the

quadratura—the use of painted ceilings that gave the illusion that one was looking up directly at the sky. The new style was particularly favored by the new religious orders, including the Theatines and the Jesuits, who built new churches designed to attract and inspire a wide popular audience.[7]

Rome

One of the first Baroque architects,

Santa Susanna (1603), by Carlo Maderno.[9]

Paris

The Jesuits soon imported the style to Paris. The Church of

Francois Mansard (1635–38). Nicolas Fouquet, the superintendent of finances for the young King Louis XIV, chose the new style for his château at Vaux-le-Vicomte (1612–1670) by Louis Le Vau. He was later imprisoned by the King because of the extravagant cost of the palace.[11]

Southern Netherlands

In the Southern Netherlands, the Baroque architecture was introduced by the Catholic Church in the context of the Counter-Reformation and the Eighty Years' War. After the separation of the Netherlands Baroque churches were set up across the country. One of the first architects was Wenceslas Cobergher (1560-1634), who built the Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel from 1609 until 1627 and the Church of Saint Augustine, Antwerp. Other churches are for example the St. Charles Borromeo Church, Antwerp (1615-1621) and the St. Walburga Church (Bruges) (1619-1641), both built by Pieter Huyssens. Later, secular buildings, such as the Guildhalls on the Grand-Place in Brussels and several Belfries, were constructed too.[citation needed]

Central Europe

The first example of early Baroque in Central Europe was the

Nieśwież (after 1945 Niasvizh in Belarus).[12][13] The church also holds a distinction of being the first domed basilica with a Baroque façade in the Commonwealth and Eastern Europe.[13]
Another early example in Poland is the Church of Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków, built between 1597 and 1619 by the Italian Jesuit architect Giovanni Maria Bernardoni.[14]

High Baroque (1625–1675)

Italy

Pope

St Peter's Basilica.[15]

The High Baroque spread gradually across Italy, beyond Rome. The period saw the construction of

Alexander VII from 1666 until 1667 saw more construction of Baroque churches, squares and fountains in Rome by Carlo Rainaldi, Bernini and Carlo Fontana.[18]

France

King

Val-de-Grace begun in 1645 by Lemercier and François Mansart, and finished in 1715. A third Baroque dome was soon added for the College of the Four Nations (now the Institut de France).[20]

In 1661, following the death of Cardinal Mazarin, the young Louis XIV took direct charge of the government. The arts were put under the direction of his controller of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Charles Le Brun, director of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, was named Superintendent of Buildings of the King, in charge of all royal architectural projects. The Royal Academy of Architecture was founded in 1671, with the mission of making Paris, not Rome, the artistic and architectural model for the world.[21]

The first architectural project of Louis XIV was a proposed reconstruction of the façade of the east wing of the Louvre Palace.

Bernini, then Europe's most famous architect, was summoned to Paris to submit a project. Beginning in 1664, Bernini proposed several Baroque variants, but in the end the King selected a design by a French architect, Charles Perrault, in a more classical variant of Baroque. This gradually became the Louis XIV style. Louis was soon engaged in an even larger project, the construction of the new Palace of Versailles. The architects chosen were Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart, and the façades of the new palace were constructed around the earlier Marble Court between 1668 and 1678. The Baroque grandeur of Versailles, particularly the façade facing the garden and the Hall of Mirrors by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, became models for other palaces across Europe.[22]

Late Baroque (1675–1750)

See also: Rococo architecture

During the period of the Late Baroque (1675–1750), the style appeared across Europe, from England and France to Central Europe and Russia, from Spain and Portugal to Scandinavia, and in the colonies of Spain and Portugal in the New World and the Philippines. It often took different names, and the regional variations became more distinct. A particularly ornate variant appeared in the early 18th century, called

Wurzburg Residence (1749–51). These works were among the final expressions of the Rococo or the Late Baroque.[6]

Italy

By the early 18th century, Baroque buildings could be found in all parts of Italy, often with regional variations. Notable examples included the Basilica of Superga, overlooking Turin, by Filippo Juvarra (1717–1731), which was later used as model for the Panthéon in Paris.[23] The Stupinigi Palace (1729–31) was a hunting lodge and one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy near Turin. It was also built Filippo Juvarra.[24]

France

Main article: French Baroque architecture
See also:
Style Louis XV

The Late Baroque period in France saw the evolving decoration of the Palace of Versailles, including the Hall of Mirrors and the Chapel. Later in the period, during the reign of Louis XV, a new, more ornate variant, the Rocaille style, or French Rococo, appeared in Paris and flourished between about 1723 and 1759.[25] The most prominent example was the salon of the Princess in Hôtel de Soubise in Paris, designed by Germain Boffrand and Charles-Joseph Natoire (1735–40).[26][27]

England

Main article:
English Baroque

St. Paul's Cathedral (1675–1711) inspired by the model of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, his plan for Greenwich Hospital (begun 1695), and Hampton Court Palace (1690–96). Other British figures of the late Baroque included Inigo Jones for Wilton House (1632–1647 and two pupils of Wren, John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor, for Castle Howard (1699–1712) and Blenheim Palace (1705–1724).[28]

Lithuania

See also: Vilnian Baroque

In the 17th century Late Baroque style buildings in

Minor Radvilos Palace).[33][34]

Notable architects who built buildings in a Late Baroque style in Lithuania are Johann Christoph Glaubitz, Thomas Zebrowski, Pietro Perti (cooperated with painters Michelangelo Palloni, Giovanni Maria Galli), Giambattista Frediani, Pietro Puttini, Carlo Puttini, Jan Zaor, G. Lenkiewicz, Abraham Würtzner, Jan Valentinus Tobias Dyderszteyn, P. I. Hofer, Paolo Fontana [it], etc.[30][32][34]

Central Europe

Many of the most extraordinary buildings of the Late Baroque were constructed in Austria, Germany, and Czechia. In Austria, the leading figure was

Abbey of Melk, Jakob Prandtauer used an abundance of polychrome marble and stucco, statuary and ceiling paintings to achieve harmonious and highly theatrical effects.[39]

Another important figure of German Baroque was Balthasar Neumann (1687–1753), whose works included the Würzburg Residence for the Prince-Bishops at Würzburg, with its famous staircase.[40]

In Bohemia, the leading Baroque architect was Christoph Dientzenhofer, whose building featured complex curves and counter-curves and elliptical forms, making Prague, like Vienna, a capital of the late Baroque.[41]

Spain

Main article: Spanish Baroque architecture

Political and economic crises in the 17th century largely delayed the arrival of the Baroque in Span until the late period, though the Jesuits strongly promoted it. Its early characteristics were a lavish exterior contrasting with a relatively simple interior and multiple spaces. They carefully planned lighting in the interior to give an impression of mystery. Early 18th century,

Jose Benito de Churriguera in Madrid and Salamanca. In his work, the buildings are nearly overwhelmed by the ornament of gilded wood, gigantic twisting columns, and sculpted vegetation. His two brothers, Joaquin and Alberto, also made important, if less ornamented, contributions to what became known simply as the Churrigueresque style.[42]

Latin America and North America

Main articles: New Spanish Baroque, Baroque in Brazil, and Andean Baroque
See also: Spanish missions in the Americas

The Baroque style was imported into Latin America in the 17th century by the Spanish and the Portuguese, particularly by the Jesuits for the construction of churches. The style was sometimes called

San Cristobal de las Casas in Mexico.[43] A notable example in Brazil is the Monastery of Sao Bento in Rio de Janeiro. begun in 1617, with additional decoration after 1668. The Metropolitan Tabernacle the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral, to the right of the main cathedral, built by Lorenzo Rodríguez between 1749 and 1760, to house the archives and vestments of the archbishop, and to receive visitors.[44]

Portuguese colonial architecture was modeled after the architecture of Lisbon, different from the Spanish style. The most notable architect in Brazil was Aleijadinho, who was native of Brazil, half-Portuguese, and self-taught. His most famous work is the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto.[45]

Characteristics

Baroque architecture often used visual and theatrical effects, designed to surprise and awe the viewer:

Plans

Major Baroque architects and works, by country

Chapel of the Holy Shroud, Turin
The dome of Les Invalides, Paris

Italy

Main articles: Italian Baroque architecture and Sicilian Baroque

France

Main article: French Baroque architecture

England

Main articles:
Edwardian Baroque architecture
Greenwich Hospital by Sir Christopher Wren
(1694)

The Netherlands

Main article: Dutch Baroque architecture
Royal Palace of Amsterdam by Jacob van Campen (1665)

Germany

Main article: Architecture of Germany
The Zwinger in Dresden by Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann (1697–1716), reconstructed in the 1950s and 1960s, after the damage of World War II.
Belvedere Palace
in Vienna (1721–23)
Troja Palace, Prague (1679–1691)

Austria

Czech Republic

Main article: Czech Baroque architecture

Slovakia

  • Pietro Spozzo – Jesuit Church of Trnava (1629–37)

Hungary

St. George's Cathedral of Timișoara by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach

Romania

Main article: Romanian architecture

Poland

Main article: Baroque in Poland
Wilanów Palace, Warsaw (1677–1696)
Church of Santa Engrácia, Lisbon (now National Pantheon of Portugal; begun 1681)

Portugal

Main article: Baroque architecture in Portugal

Portuguese Colonial Baroque

Interior of the Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo in Recife, Brazil, built between 1665 and 1767
See also:
Portuguese Colonial architecture

Spain

Main article: Spanish Baroque architecture

Spanish American Baroque

Main articles: New Spanish Baroque, Churrigueresque, and Andean Baroque
The Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral built from 1573 to 1813.

Nordic Countries

Main articles: Architecture of Sweden, Architecture of Denmark, Architecture of Norway, and Architecture of Finland
Church of Our Saviour, Copenhagen (1682–1747)

Russia

Znamenskaya Church (Dubrovitsy) 1690-1698 Podolsk, Moscow
Main articles: Naryshkin Baroque, Petrine Baroque, Elizabethan Baroque, Siberian Baroque, and Russian Baroque

Turkey

Main article: Ottoman Baroque architecture

Ukraine

St Andrew's Church, Kyiv
Main article: Ukrainian Baroque

Malta

Main article: Maltese Baroque architecture

See also

References

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  2. ^ Oudin, Dictionnaire des Architectes (1994), pp. 43–44
  3. ^ Ducher (1988), Flammarion, pp. 102–104
  4. ^ Ducher (1988), Flammarion, p. 102
  5. ^ Toman (Rolf, L'Art Baroque – Architecture – Sculpture- Peinture (2015) pp. 12–70
  6. ^ a b Toman (2015), pp. 190–194
  7. ^ Ducher, Characteristique des Styles (1989), p. 102
  8. ^ Ducher, Characteristique des Styles (1989), p. 104
  9. ^ Wittkower R., Art & Architecture in Italy 1600–1750, 1985 edn, p. 111
  10. ^ Texier, Simon, Paris – Panorama de l'architecture (2012), p. 31
  11. ^ Toman, L'Art Baroque (2015) p. 125
  12. ^ Aliaksiej Sierka. "The Farny Roman-Catholic Church". www.belarusguide.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
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  23. ^ Toman 2015, p. 58.
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  25. ^ Lovreglio, Aurélia and Anne, Dictionnaire des Mobiliers et des Objets d'art, Le Robert, Paris, 2006, p. 369
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  27. ^ De Morant 1970, p. 382.
  28. ^ Toman (2015) pp. 162–169
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  38. ^ "Tytuvėnų Švč. Mergelės Marijos Angelų Karalienės bažnyčia". Tytuvenubaznycia.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  39. ^ Cabanne (1988), pp. 89–91
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  53. ^ a b Toman (2015) p. 264
  54. ^ Toman (2015) p. 266
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  56. ^ *Aleijadinho Archived 27 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine at Encyclopædia Britannica
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  59. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus. An Outline of European Architecture. New York: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1963
  60. ^ Oudin, Dictionnaire des Architectes, p. 430
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Bibliography

External links

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