Volcanic landslide
A volcanic landslide or volcanogenic landslide is a type of mass wasting that takes place at volcanoes.
Occurrences
All volcanic edifices are susceptible to
Smaller landslides have also been identified at volcanoes on Mars and Venus.[5][6] Martian landslides reach lengths of 90 km (56 mi) and more while the largest Venusian landslides extend only about 50 km (31 mi). The most dramatic landslide deposits on Venus occur beneath the slopes of volcanoes. Since erosion rates on Venus are much lower than those on Earth due to the lack of water on the surface, landslides are an important mechanism in wearing down mountain regions on Venus. The rounded hills of the complexly deformed tessera, or tile-like, terrain on Venus have probably been modified by numerous landslides.[6]
Types
At volcanoes, the term landslide is commonly used for slope movements with shear and displacement in a relatively narrow zone.
Sector collapses
The largest landslides from volcanoes are called sector or edifice collapses.
- Prehistoric
- Stromboli, Sciara del Fuoco collapse[14]
- Popocatépetl, Ventorrillo collapse[15]
- Mount Rainier, Osceola collapse[16]
- Historic
Flank collapses
Flank collapses are much smaller than sector collapses but they may also yield far-reaching debris flows. Flank collapses differ from sector collapses in that they only involve the volcano flank while sector collapses are large enough to involve the volcano summit. The smaller size of a flank collapse indicates that there need be no repose time before another flank collapse occurs, and hence they can be treated as random events.[7]
- Prehistoric
- East Molokai Volcano, Wailau collapse[17]
- Koʻolau Volcano, Nuʻuanu collapse[18]
- Mount Garibaldi, Cheekye collapse[19]
- Historic
Causes
Several conditions can trigger landslides at volcanoes:
- Intrusion of magma into a volcano[2]
- Explosive eruptions[2]
- Large earthquake directly beneath a volcano or nearby[2]
- Saturation of the ground[2]
- Hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks[2]
- Structural discontinuities[22]
- High lava accumulation rates[22]
- Steep slopes[2]
Hazards
Large landslides from volcanoes often bury valleys with tens to hundreds of metres of rock debris, forming a chaotic landscape marked by dozens of small hills and closed depressions. If the deposit is thick enough, it may dam streams to form lakes. These lakes may eventually drain catastrophically to create floods and lahars downstream.[2]
Landslides that remove a large portion of a
Large horseshoe-shaped craters formed by landslides at volcanoes will likely direct subsequent lava flows, pyroclastic flows or lahars toward its breached opening if the primary eruptive vent is located within these deep craters.[2]
The collapse of island or coastal volcanoes from giant landslides can generate tsunamis that could potentially devastate large areas of coastal land.[23]
Disasters
Historically, the most deadly volcanic landslide occurred
The sector collapse of Ritter Island in 1888 generated a tsunami with runups of up to 15 m (49 ft) that caused damage more than 700 km (430 mi) away and killed anywhere between 500 and 3,000 people on neighbouring islands.[24][25][26]
A landslide originating from Devastation Glacier on the southern flank of the Mount Meager massif in British Columbia, Canada, buried and killed a group of four geologists at the confluence of Devastation Creek and Meager Creek in July 1975.[27][28]
In 1979, a landslide from the Indonesian volcano
See also
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
- ^ "Volcanic Processes—Landslides". National Park Service. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Landslides are common on tall, steep, and weak volcanic cones". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ "The planet's largest landslides happen on submarine volcanoes". National Oceanography Centre. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
- ^ "Volcano Watch — Slip-sliding away—Disassembling Hawaiian volcanoes". United States Geological Survey. 2014-01-23. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
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- ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Cleggett-Halaim, Paula; Doyle, Jim (1992). "Large Landslides Found on Venus". NASA. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ ISBN 0-607-98578-X.
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- ^ ISSN 2296-6463.
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- ^ "When Volcanoes Fall Down—Catastrophic Collapse and Debris Avalanches" (PDF). Fact Sheet 2019–3023. United States Geological Survey. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
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- ^ "Koolau: General Information". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
- doi:10.1139/e99-090.
- ISSN 1561-8633.
- ^ "Large Landslide in Uganda". NASA Earth Observatory. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
- ^ S2CID 43187708
- ^ "How do landslides cause tsunamis?". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
- ^ Siebert, Lee; Reid, Mark E.; Vallance, James W.; Pierson, Thomas C. (2019). "When Volcanoes Fall Down—Catastrophic Collapse and Debris Avalanches" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Fact Sheet 2019–3023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-06. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
- S2CID 73610567.
- ^ "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ "Landslide: Devastator Glacier BC, Jul 22 1975". Natural Resources Canada. 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
- ISSN 0008-4077.
- ^ Keeley, J. (2010). "Volcanogenic Tsunamis". Oregon State University. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
- ^ Permadi, Agie (26 December 2018). "Longsoran yang Sebabkan Tsunami Selat Sunda Seluas 64 Hektar". Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ "Number of injured in Indonesia tsunami surges to over 14,000 — Asean Plus | the Star Online". Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
- ^ Marten, Lisa; Zhou, Naaman (24 December 2018). "Indonedia tsunami caused by collapse of volcano". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 April 2023.