Wa States
Wa States ဝနယ် / 佤邦 Meung Vax | |||||||||
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Before 500 BC–c. 1950 | |||||||||
Native States under nominal control of the British Empire | |||||||||
Government | Petty kingdoms and village fiefdoms | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Wa ancestral territories | Before 500 BC | ||||||||
• Incorporation into Shan State (Yunnan Prov. areas annexed by China earlier) | c. 1950 | ||||||||
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Today part of | China Myanmar |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Wa_Sacrificial_Post.jpg/260px-Wa_Sacrificial_Post.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wa_villagers_00.jpg/260px-Wa_villagers_00.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Wa_knot_system-Manuscripts_in_the_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04049.jpg/220px-Wa_knot_system-Manuscripts_in_the_Yunnan_Nationalities_Museum_-_DSC04049.jpg)
The Wa States was the name formerly given to the Wa Land, the
.Practically the whole Wa region is rugged
The oral tradition of the Wa people claims that their territory had been much larger in the distant past,[3] an assertion that is confirmed both by Shan and Yunnan Chinese sources.[4] The Wa also regard their ancestral territory as being at the centre of the inhabited world.[5] Nowadays part of the area of the former Wa States is included in Wa State, an autonomous polity within Myanmar.
History
Ancient lore
There are no historical records on the Wa States before the 19th century.
Around Kengtung there are dispersed groups related to the Wa, such as the Tai Loi, En, Piying and Hsen Hsum, living in small villages, likely remnants of the former Wa population.[3] The Vingngun (Pakkatè, Shan: Wiang Ngoen) historical area of the Wa —where silver was said to have been worked— was included in the Wa States.[8] By the 18th century, during Qing dynasty rule in China, the Wa area became separated from the tribal military control of the Dai people.
19th century
In the 19th century the
The population of the Wa States included other ethnic groups such as the
The inhabitants of the Wa States were traditionally
In the late 19th century the Wa ruler of Son Mu welcomed the
The Wa-Panthay War
In the first fifty years of their presence in Wa territory the Hui Muslim settlers had gradually extended their influence from their base at
Finally in 1926 the tensions erupted into the local "Wa-Panthay War" in which the Panthays at Pan Long would boast to a group of British visitors that "... neither the Chinese nor the British mean anything to us. It is we who rule here."[10] The war lasted throughout 1926 and 1927 and eventually the less organized Wa were defeated by the Muslim traders.[11]
Despite their victory the Panthay population of the Wa States declined from 1,517 (1,076 males and 441 females) in 1921
Modernization of the Wa States
In the 1940s, during the
After decades of negotiation between the Chinese and the British, the
From 1966 to 1969, various Wa chieftains formed guerilla bands to defend their land.[16]: 105 These groups were threatened by raids from Chinese nationalist guerillas and pressured to disarm by the Tatmadaw.[16]: 105
The Communist Party of Burma arrived in the Wa region in the late 1960s.[16]: 13 It built alliances with several Wa guerilla leaders in 1969 and incorporated them into its struggle against the Burmese state.[16]: 13 During the Communist Party of Burma era, the Wa region had little internecine warfare and there were few Burmese attacks.[16]: 106
Some towns experienced a modern administration for the first time during local communist rule. Throughout that period
In 1989, a mutiny by Wa soldiers within the Communist Party of Burma Armed Forces ejected the Party and resulted in immediate ceasefire with the Myanmar government.[16]: 13 After the ceasefire, the Myanmar government began to call the region "Shan State Special Region No. 2 (Wa Region)"[16]: 111–112 (Parauk: Hak Tiex Baux Nong (2) Meung Man[17]). Academic Andrew Ong writes that this name was used by the government in order to indicate that it was subordinate to the Shan State government. [16]: 112 The United Wa State Army was formed after the mutiny and April 17, 1989 is viewed as the beginning of the autonomous Wa State polity.[16]: 13 The UWSA continued to refer to the area as Meung Vax in Wa or wabang in Chinese.[16]: 112
States
There were many historical Wa states, but there is hardly any information about them; some of the 'states' were little more than small villages and their surrounding territory. Usually these villages were roughly fortified and were built on hilltops or slopes.[2] Occasionally these small states formed confederations, but since the vision of the Wa was restricted to their immediate surroundings, these alliances were neither far-reaching nor long-lasting.[1]
A great number of the communities living in the mountain villages had difficulties regarding water supply. The Wa used to build ponds to collect water and a system of bamboo pipes that brought water from the surrounding hills.[1]
States ruled by Saophas
The saopha of
- Hrawng Nang
- Kang Hsü
- Kawng Maum
- Maw Mang
- Na Hpaw
- Ngek Hting
- Ngek Lek. The saopha of Ngek Lek sent a letter to Sir George Scott in 1897. He requested Scott not to pass through his territory because the sight of the British expedition would alarm the women and children.[18]
- O Mu
- Sao Hin. The first chairman of the United Wa State Party (UWSP) was Zhao Ni-Lai, a former military leader of the Sao Hin saopha, who joined the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) in 1969.
- Son Mu. The saopha of Son Mu or Sonmu, who allowed the Hui Muslim Panthays to settle in his territory in exchange for a yearly tribute of 100 Rs, is mentioned in the records of the events that later led to the Wa-Panthay War.[11][19]
Other Wa States
- Maw Hpa and Mot Hai are states mentioned by Scott to be inhabited by the 'Tame Wa', a named used to refer to the non-headhunting Wa influenced by Buddhism.[1]
- Loi Lön and Santong, where allegedly lead was found, are two further Wa States mentioned in The Imperial Gazetteer of India.[20]
Culture
The biggest celebration in the Wa region is the New Harvest Festival.[16]: 163 It occurs annually in either August or September after the conclusion of rice harvests.[16]: 163 General, festivals are held at the regional or district levels of government, although some wealthier townships of Wa State also host their own festivals.[16]: 163
See also
- Chinese Shan States
- Federated Shan States
- Manglon
- Wa people
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sir J. George Scott, Burma : a handbook of practical information. London 1906, p.
- ^ a b c d Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 24, p. 344.
- ^ a b c d Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar), p. 251
- ^ Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy, Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy, Harvard University Press. p. 44
- ^ M. Fiskesjo, On the Ethnoarchaeology of Fortified Settlements in the Northern part of Mainland Southeast Asia
- ISBN 981-3035-57-9. "While in northern Thailand it was believed that Lanna was established by nine Wa clans, this myth was told with the variation that there were nine sons, who established themselves in the nine Wa valleys, mostly in the west ... The ten daughters settled on the fells."
- ^ A thousand miles on an elephant in the Shan states
- ^ Wa Area Placenames_百度文库
- ^ N Ganesan & Kyaw Yin Hlaing eds. Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, February 1, 2007, p. 269
- ^ a b c d Andrew Forbes & David Henley, Traders of the Golden Triangle, Cognoscenti Books,
- ^ a b Harvey, G E, 1932 Wa precis, Rangoon 1933
- 1921 Census of India
- ^ The Young Family’s Work with the Wa People
- ^ a b Ronald D. Renard, The Wa Authority and Good Governance, 1989 – 2007
- USDOS. 30 November 1964. Archived from the original(PDF) on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
Agreement on the Question of the Boundary signed on January 28, 1960...(d) the Panhung-Panlao tribal area would be exchanged; and (e) with the exception of d, the 1941 boundary in the Wa states would be accepted...
- ^ JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv2t8b78b.
- ^ Wa Local News Publications (8 November 2013). "Lox tat cub caw kuad song meung vax plak lai wa 04". Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
- ^ Dorothy Woodman, The Making of Burma, Cresset, London 1962. p. 450
- ^ Census of India 1901 - Burma
- ^ The Imperial gazetteer of India, p. 241
External links
Media related to Wa region at Wikimedia Commons
- The Imperial Gazetteer of India
- "Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states"
- Wa people (佤) - Native Cultures of Yunnan
- Wa customs