Wakaleo

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Wakaleo
Temporal range: Miocene
Life reconstruction of the marsupial lion Wakaleo oldfieldi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: †Thylacoleonidae
Genus: †Wakaleo
Clemens & Plane, 1974[1]
Species

†W. alcootaensis
†W. oldfieldi
†W. pitikantensis (Rauscher, 1987)
†W. schouteni
†W. vanderleuri Clemens and Plane, 1974 (type)

Wakaleo (Diyari waka, "little", "small"; and Latin leo, "lion")[1] is an extinct genus of medium-sized thylacoleonids that lived in Australia in the Late Oligocene and Miocene Epochs. Although much smaller than its close relative, the marsupial lion (

Thylacoleo carnifex), Wakaleo would have been a successful hunter. It had teeth specially designed for cutting and stabbing.[clarification needed] The genus is from an extinct family of Vombatiformes, so it is distantly related to the herbivorous wombats.[2]

Taxonomy

Wakaleo was erected in 1974 by

W. A. Clemens and M. Plane.[1]
Five species are known:

  • Wakaleo alcootaensis was found in the Miocene Waite Formation in the Northern Territory in 1974. It was slightly larger than the other two species.[clarification needed]
  • Wakaleo oldfieldi was found by a group of scientists working in the Miocene Wipijiri Formation in southern Australia in 1971. They found a nearly complete left dentary which included a few well-preserved teeth.
  • Wakaleo pitikantensis described by Rauscher as the type species of the genus Priscileo in 1987[3] and placed with this genus in a revision published in 2017.[4]
  • Wakaleo schouteni Gillespie, Archer & Hand, 2017, a mid-sized species of the genus.[4]
  • Wakaleo vanderleuri was first found by field workers in 1967 in the Miocene Camfield Beds in the Northern Territory. Many more specimens have been found since then.

Description

Wakaleo is a genus of the thylacoleonid family of predatory mammals, which are known as marsupial lions. The size of Wakaleo species increases from smaller animals in the early part of the fossil record, an apparent morphocline that terminated in a predator able to kill animals much larger than itself. W. schouteni is estimated to have weighed approximately 23 kilograms (51 lb), comparable to a dog,[4] while W. vanderleueri and W. alcootaensis are estimated to have had bodymasses of 30 kilograms (66 lb) and 50 kilograms (110 lb).[5]

Wakaleo alcootaensis

The first description was given in an examination of material discovered at

Michael Archer
.

Fossil material of this species is fragmentary and rare, and it is only known amongst the Alcoota local fauna. Further evidence of the animals cranial and dental features were examined in 2014, leading to a revision of Wakaleo alcootaensis that provided further support to the separation from earlier Wakaleo species.[7]

Wakaleo oldfieldi

Wakaleo oldfieldi is an

Thylacoleo carnifex, this species is presumed to have used its maxillary (upper) teeth to hold its food and sharpen the mandibular teeth, the latter were also used in slicing and stabbing during eating. The premolars also had a crescent-shaped circumference for slicing.[8]

Wakaleo pitikantensis

The description by Rauscher was published in 1987, naming a new species and genus as Priscileo pitikantensis.

Priscileo was later recognised as a species of a revised description of Wakaleo.[4] Fossil material examined by Rauscher was obtained at Lake Pitikanta, situated to the east of Lake Eyre.[3]

The smallest known species of Wakaleo, it lived in Australia about 25 million years ago, from the late

Wakaleo schouteni, the species possesses three premolars and four molars which distinguishes them from others of the genus. A little smaller than W. schouteni, this species also differs in the morphology of the humerus.[4]

It is known only from a few post cranial bones and a poorly preserved maxillary fragment found at the Lake Pitikanta site of the Lake Ngapakaldi to Lake Palankarinna Fossil Area in northeastern South Australia. To date W. pitikantensis, Wakaleo schouteni and "Priscileo' roskellyae are the most ancient phylogenies of the Thylacoleonidae and presumed to have diverged during the early to middle Oligocene epoch.[4]

Wakaleo schouteni

The description of the species was published in 2017, the collaborating authors

"Priscileo" roskellyae, was determined to have diverged from this genus during early period of the fossil record, and scant evidence of the species did not allow revising authors to assign a taxonomic placement with any confidence.[4]

A painter celebrated for his reconstructions of ancient animals, Peter Schouten, was honored by the authors in their proposed epithet for the species.[4]

A species assigned to Wakaleo and resembling a contemporary animal of the Oligocene, Wakaleo pitikantensis. They were mid-sized predators who probably hunted in trees or ambushed prey from a branch. Calculations of the size following a method of statistical analysis for predicting body size, derived from 164 millimetres for the greatest length of the skull, indicate a weight of 22.6 or 24.0 kilograms.

Thylacoleo carnifex, a very large carnivore, resulted in a value around 5 kg that the describing authors considered too small.[10] The dentition suggests that W. schouteni may have been omnivorous, but reveals the transition to hyper-carnivory of the genus during the Miocene.[4]

The distribution of the species included the

Spilocuscus maculatus.[4]

Wakaleo vanderleuri

Being a marsupial, it is not closely related to true cats. This animal is hypothesized to have been an omnivore, eating significant amounts of meat, perhaps more like a bear in diet and habit than like an actual lion. It lacked large canine-like fangs, producing some controversy regarding just how much it actually preyed on living animals. The meat-eating hypothesis is based largely upon the morphology of its molar teeth. The species is believed to have been able to hunt by leaping from trees onto its prey.[11][12]

The type species fossils were originally found in the

Riversleigh.[12]

The first fossil, a right dentary fragment, was found in 1967 by a group of field workers at Bullock Creek in the Northern Territory. A left dentary of the species in a good state of preservation was described in 1896.[13] Since then more fossils have been recovered, including a well-preserved near-complete cranium with the mandible intact.[12]

References

  1. ^
    ISSN 0022-3360
    .
  2. ISBN 0-393-32156-8
  3. ^ a b c B. Rauscher. 1987. Priscileo pitikantensis, a new genus and species of thylacoleonid marsupial (Marsupialia: Thylacoleonidae) from the Miocene Etaduma formation, South Australia. Possums and Opossums: Studies in Evolution 2:423-432
  4. ^
    S2CID 90758394
    .
  5. S2CID 233793061
    .
  6. ^ "Australian Museum - Wakaleo". Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  7. PMID 26587359
    .
  8. ^ "Thylacoleonid Genera and Species - Tertiary Genera". www.naturalworlds.org. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  9. doi:10.1071/ZO01009
    .
  10. S2CID 85776991
    .
  11. ISBN 0-06-055804-0
    .
  12. ^ a b c "Wakaleo vanderleueri Vanderleuer's Little Lion". Riversleigh faunal encyclopedia. wakaleo.net. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  13. ^ Megirian, D. (28 January 1986). "The dentary of Wakaleo vanderleueri (Thylacoleonidae: Marsupialia)". The Beagle: Occasional Papers of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences. 3: 71–79.
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