Walkelin

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Walkelin
Ermenfrid
Personal details
Died3 January 1098
BuriedWinchester Cathedral
DenominationCatholic

Walkelin[a] (d. 1098) was the first Norman Bishop of Winchester. He began the construction of Winchester Cathedral in 1079 and had the Old Minster demolished. He reformed the cathedral's administration, although his plan to replace the monks with priests was blocked by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc. Walkelin was important in beginning St Giles's Fair in Winchester and was greatly active in national politics. For example, he signed the Accord of Winchester, was involved in the Council of London in 1075, and sought to resolve a conflict between Anselm of Canterbury and William II. He was regent of England for a few months at the end of his life.

Early career

Walkelin was probably not related to

In April 1070, at the

Bishop of Winchester

Reform

Walkelin aimed to replace the monks in the cathedral with priests, in a chapter of canons. Since most of the money was going to the monks, this change, for which he had royal approval, would have helped him to fund his household and any future construction projects. However, Lanfranc, a monk who had just been consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury by a selection of bishops including Walkelin himself, opposed the change, and succeeded in blocking it.[1][6][7]

According to his successor William Giffard, to raise funds in a different way, Walkelin divided the assets of the see between himself and the monastery and appropriated some of the monks' land and patronages. Walkelin required the consent of the Prior of Winchester for these changes. However, as he had previously made his brother Simeon the prior, this consent was easier to obtain.[1]

Nevertheless, the

Annals of Winchester say that Walkelin improved the cathedral and monastery "in the devotion and number of its monks and in the buildings of the house".[8][b]

Construction

South transept of Winchester Cathedral, mostly constructed under Walkelin
Crypt of Winchester Cathedral, constructed during Walkelin's time as Bishop

Walkelin began work on a new cathedral church, the current Winchester Cathedral, in 1079, to replace the Old Minster.[1][8] Walkelin's project was of a monumental scale, with a length of almost 180 yards, almost unrivalled by other contemporaneous projects.[1] The construction was in a Romanesque style.[9] The current transepts, crypt and some parts of the nave of the cathedral church are from Walkelin's initial construction.[8][10] The tower collapsed in 1107 and was rebuilt with a similar design later.[8][10]

The monks moved into the completed parts of the new building in 1093, along with the relics of St Swithun in a feretory, allowing the demolition of the Old Minster to begin.[1][8] It is most likely that the initial construction was completed under William Giffard in around 1122.[1]

The

William I reportedly granted Walkelin as much from a certain wood as his carpenters could take in three or four days. In response, the bishop gathered lots of carpenters and cut the whole wood down within the allotted time, angering the king. Walkelin avoided his wrath by putting on "an old cape"[c] and begging that he would retain his royal friendship and chaplaincy, even if he lost his role as Bishop of Winchester. This appeased the king, and Walkelin remained bishop. In the Oxford DNB, Michael J. Franklin uses the story to suggest that Walkelin and William had a close friendship.[1][8]

Politics

Walkelin was a significant religious leader outside of his diocese. He was one of the bishops that consecrated

consecration of the new abbey building at Bury St Edmunds in April 1095, in place of the local Bishop of Thetford, Herbert de Losinga.[11] Walkelin issued an indulgence to all who visited the shrine of Edmund.[1][11]

Like most Bishops of Winchester, Walkelin was involved in royal and secular politics. He attested many royal charters under both William I and William II.[1] Walkelin was one of William II's magnates. He appears to have been in charge of the king's financial affairs, overseeing the royal treasury in Winchester's castle.[9] He dealt with a rebellion of monks at St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury in 1089, alongside Gundulf of Rochester.[11] In 1096, he was in charge of a judicial circuit, hearing royal pleas.[9] He organised the geld in 1096.[9] He tried to persuade Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, to drop his demand to be allowed to travel to Rome in a dispute with William II in 1097.[1][5] After the consecration of Battle Abbey in 1094 at which Walkelin was present, William II granted permission for St Giles's Fair, one of the largest medieval fairs of England, which proved very important for Winchester's economy.[1] Walkelin was regent of England along with Ranulf Flambard in November 1097, during William II's trip to Rome.[1][11]

Death

Walkelin died on 3 January 1098. According to Thomas Rudborne, he was buried in the nave of the cathedral, before the rood-loft, and his epitaph was:[1][8]

Original Latin English Translation
Praesul Walklynus istic requiescit humatus Bishop Walkelin rests here interred
Tempore Willelmi Conquestoris cathedratus Enthroned in the time of William the Conqueror

Family

Walkelin's brother,

Abbot of Ely, where he began the construction of the current Ely Abbey church. Walkelin had made Simeon the Prior of Winchester. As noted above, this had helped him to divide assets between the monks and his household.[1][3][6]

Walkelin's nephew,

Gerard, was Precentor of Rouen, then Bishop of Hereford from 1096, and finally Archbishop of York from 1100. He was Lord Chancellor from 1085 to 1092, under both William I and William II.[1][3][12][13]

Notes

  1. ^ Or Walchelin/Walchelyn (English/Norman-French), Vauquelin (Norman-French), or Walcalinus/Walklynus (Latin).
  2. ^ Ecclesiam Wintoniensem in religione et numero monachorum et in domorum aedificiis plurimum melioravit — Winchester Annals
  3. ^ Vetusta capa — Winchester Annals

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28465. Retrieved 16 December 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  2. ^ a b "Winchester: Bishops | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  3. ^
    S2CID 153511298
    .
  4. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26523. Retrieved 16 December 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  5. ^ a b Hunt, William (1885–1900). "Walkelin" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  6. ^ a b Greenway, Diana E, ed. (1971). "Priors of Winchester | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. pp. 88–91. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Person and Factoid: Walkelin 1". pase.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  8. ^ .
  9. ^ .
  10. ^ a b "Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, Non Civil Parish - 1095509 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  11. ^ .
  12. ^ "List 1: Archbishops | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  13. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10547. Retrieved 17 December 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Winchester
1070–1098
Succeeded by