White Terror (Greece)
White Terror (
Background
During the
At the time of Greece's liberation in October 1944, EAM-ELAS dominated the country except for the major cities, especially Athens, where British forces supported the returned
The Varkiza Agreement was never fully implemented as its terms contained many intentional omissions and ambiguities. The government side failed to fulfill its obligations, while rogue members of KKE such as Aris Velouchiotis hid large caches of weaponry in anticipation of future reprisals by the rightists.[6]
White Terror and outbreak of the Civil War
Greek leftists were systematically denied their political and legal rights by the government, facilitating their subsequent persecution.
By May 1945, the National Guard had established outposts across the entire country, however its numbers were insufficient to maintain order and the Gendarmerie's manpower was likewise depleted during the Dekemvriana. Under those circumstances policing was often carried out by far-right paramilitary organizations, most notably
In the period between the Treaty of Varkiza and the 1946 election, right-wing terror squads committed 1,289 murders, 165 rapes, 151 kidnappings and
See also
References
- ^ Tucker 2013, p. 155.
- ^ Stavrakis 1989, pp. 11–14.
- ^ Clogg 1979, p. 150.
- ^ Stavrakis 1989, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Rajak 2010, pp. 203–204.
- ^ Alivizatos 1995, pp. 157–158.
- ^ Margaritis 2005, pp. 174–175.
- ^ Rajak 2010, p. 204.
- ^ Voglis 2004, pp. 143ff..
- ^ Alivizatos 1995, p. 455.
- ^ Close 1995, pp. 150ff..
- ^ Close 2000, p. 206.
- ^ Margaritis 2005, p. 174.
- ^ Kyritsis 2012, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Kamarinos 2015, p. 101.
- ^ Margaris 1966, pp. 29–30.
Sources
- Alivizatos, Nikos (1995). Οι πολιτικοί θεσμοί σε κρίση 1922-1974. Όψεις της ελληνικής εμπειρίας [Political institutions in crisis 1922-1974. Aspects of the Greek experience] (in Greek). Athens: Themelio. ISBN 960-310-043-9.
- Clogg, Richard (1979). A Short History of Modern Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521295173.
- Close, David H. (1995). The Origins of the Greek Civil War. Addison-Wesley Longman. ISBN 0582064716.
- Close, David H. (2000). Ο ελληνικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος, 1943-1950 [The Greek Civil War, 1943-1950] (in Greek). Philistor. ISBN 9789603690160.
- Kamarinos, Aristos (2015). Ο εμφύλιος πόλεμος στη Πελοπόννησο 1946-1949 [The Civil War in the Peloponesse (1946-1949)] (in Greek). Athens: Syghroni Epoxi. ISBN 9789602248720.
- Kyritsis, Nikos (2012). Δημοκρατικός Στρατός Ελλάδας. Ιδρυση - Μονάδες - Αξιωματικοί - Δυνάμεις - Απώλειες - Κοινωνική Σύνθεση [Democratic Army of Greece. Creation – Units – Officers – Strength – Casualties – Social Structure] (in Greek). Athens: Syghroni Epoxi. ISBN 978-960-451-146-4.
- Rajak, Svetoslav (2010). "The Cold War in the Balkans, 1945–1956". In Leffler, Melvyn P.; Westad, Odd Arne (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–220. ISBN 978-0521837194.
- Margaris, Nikos (1966). Η Ιστορία της Μακρονήσου [The History of Makronisos] (in Greek). Vol. I. Athens: Papadopoulos and Co.
- Margaritis, Giorgos (2005). Ιστορία του ελληνικού εμφυλίου πολέμου 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Civil War 1946-1949] (in Greek). Vol. I. Athens: Vivliorama. ISBN 9608087120.
- Stavrakis, Peter J. (1989). Moscow and Greek Communism, 1944-1949. Cornell University Press. ISBN 080142125X.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2013). Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610692809.
- Voglis, Polymeris (2004). "Becoming Communist: Political Prisoners as a Subject during Greek Civil War". In Carabott, Philip; Sfikas, Thanasis D. (eds.). The Greek Civil War: Essays on a Conflict of Exceptionalism and Silences. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 141–158. ISBN 0754641317.