William Bradford (printer, born 1663)
William Bradford | |
---|---|
William Bradford (grandson) |
William Bradford (May 20, 1663 – May 23, 1752) was an early American
Throughout his career, Bradford printed and published thousands of titles. In addition to his print shops in the province of Pennsylvania, the province of New York, the province of New Jersey, he also had five different locations in New York City. Printing
Early life
William Bradford was born on May 20, 1663, to William and Ann Bradford in the village of Barwell in Leicestershire, England.[1] Bradford apprenticed outside the family to learn a trade, as was customary at the time. His trainer was Andrew Sowel (some sources spell Sowle or Sorole), the foremost Quaker printer in London, who printed in the Crooked Billet in Holloway Lane at Shoreditch. Bradford started working for Sowel around 1680 and, by December 3, 1684, he had mastered the trade and was freed from his apprenticeship. Bradford married Sowel's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, on April 28, 1685. Sowel arranged for the two to join William Penn in his new colony in North America with a letter of recommendation from George Fox, founder of the Quakers, to become the colonial printer.[failed verification][1]
Career
William and Elizabeth Bradford arrived in America sometime in November 1685 and settled at a location near where Philadelphia was eventually laid out. Bradford then established Pennsylvania's first printing press, likely in the Chester or Burlington area. His first publication was an almanac, Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense compiled by Samuel Atkins, Student in the Mathamaticks and Astrology.[1][2] Bradford advertised it as available to purchase near Philadelphia in Pennsilvania on December 28, 1685.[3]
After an incident with his printing press, Bradford was told not to print anything unless it was approved by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly council.[4][2]
In 1688, he printed Temple of Wisdom, the first full-sized book released in the
Bradford was living in Philadelphia by 1689 and had established a bookstore. He published a booklet in 1689 composed by Quaker missionary George Keith titled The Presbyterian and Independent Visible Churches in New England.[5] Historian Isaiah Thomas owned a copy of the book that he claimed was the oldest known book printed in Philadelphia.[6][7] According to book dealer historian William S. Reese, it is one of the first books printed in America.[5][8] In that year Joseph Growdon, a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly council, hired Bradford to print William Penn's original charter for the province. The new Pennsylvania governor John Blackwell was outraged and reprimanded him. Bradford argued that he printed what he received.[4][9] In reprimanding the publishing of the original charter, authorities attempted to deny the people of Pennsylvania knowledge of the rights and privileges afforded them under their laws.[10]
In 1690, Bradford, partnered with a newly arrived German paper maker,
It wasn't until he had moved to New York later did he have enough business to contract with the managing partners of the paper mill to get preferential terms on products.[13] The mill was the only paper manufacturer in the Thirteen Colonies until 1710.[11] It was followed by hundreds of paper mills constructed in the United States by 1832.[14]
In 1692, Bradford printed thirteen of Keith's writings, including An Appeal from the Twenty-Eight Judges to Spirit of Truth, which the authorities construed as rebellious against the local government. Bradford was arrested, tried, and jailed for printing without a trade name imprint, a violation of the Licensing of the Press Act 1662. This was America's first trial regarding freedom of the press.[1]
He later printed works without a printer's name or place of publication.[5] One of note was the first book in New York City, "New-England Persecution Transmitted to Pennsylvania" authored by Keith and with some words in Hebrew type.[15]
Bradford was the governor's only printer in the province of New York for three decades until 1723. He began publishing their first newspaper, the New-York Gazette in 1725, which was published weekly.[16]
Later life and death
Bradford remained as publisher of the New-York Gazette, printing it until he retired.
Bradford is interred in the
Here lies the body of Mr. William Bradford,
Printer, who departed this life May 23, 1752,
aged 92 Years. He was born in Leicester in
Old England in 1660 and came over
to America in 1682, before the city of
Philadelphia was laid out. He was printer
to this government for upwards of 50 years
and being quite worn out with old age and
labour he left this mortal State in the
lively Hopes of a better Immortality.
Reader, reflect how soon you'll quit this stage,
You'll find but few attain to such an age;
Life's full of pain; lo, here's a place to rest;
Prepare to meet your God, then you are blest.
Here also lies the body of Elizabeth,
wife to the said William Bradford, who departed
this life July 8, 1731, aged 68 years.
Bradford family printing legacy
Bradford's wife Elizabeth gave birth to their first child,
See also
Other early American publishers and printers:
- David Hall (publisher)
- William Goddard (publisher)
- John Holt (publisher)
References
- ^ a b c d e f Selby 2018, p. 123.
- ^ a b McMurtrie 1936, p. 2.
- ^ Johns 1992, p. 24.
- ^ a b c d Spencer 2015, p. 171.
- ^ JSTOR 26402182.
- ^ Thomas 1970, p. 342.
- ^ Bishop 1861, p. 168.
- ^ Murphy 1884, p. 193.
- ^ Johns 1992, p. 27.
- ^ Wall 1964, p. 363.
- ^ .
- ^ "William Bradford / American printer (1663-1752)". Britannica online. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
..., he established the first paper mill in America, at Roxborough....
- ^ Bidwell 2013, p. liii.
- ^ Bidwell 2013, pp. 1–84.
- ^ "When Was the First Book Printed in NYC?". New-York Historical Society. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d Selby 2018, p. 124.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3181. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Dyer 1982, p. 3.
- ^ Hildeburn 1969, p. 17.
- ^ Wall 1964, p. 380.
- ^ Thomas 1970, p. 461.
- ^ Whittemore 1967, p. 55.
- ^ "The Bradford Family Papers (1620–1906)" (PDF). Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ Bulen 1925, p. 148.
Bibliography
- Bidwell, John (2013). American Paper Mills, 1690-1832. Dartmouth College Press. ISBN 9781611683165.
- Bishop, John (1861). History of American Manufactures 1608 to 1860. E. Young. OCLC 797286586.
- Bulen, Henry Lewis (1925). The American Collector. Collector Publishing Company. OCLC 1077894040.
- Dyer, Alan (1982). Biography of James Parker. Whitston Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-87875-202-7.
- Hildeburn, Charles R. (1969). Sketches of Printers in Colonial New-York. Gale Research Company. OCLC 493937906.
- Johns, David L. (1992). Convincement and disillusionment: printer William Bradford and the Keithian controversy in colonial Philadelphia. Kent State University. OCLC 27416154.
- Murphy, Henry Cruse (1884). Library of the Late Henry C. Murphy. Geo. A. Leavitt & Company. OCLC 1026969302.
- McMurtrie, Douglas (1936). History of America printing / The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of Its History and Influence During the Pioneer Period in Each State of the Union · Volume 2. R.R. Bowker Company. OCLC 1060556328.
- Selby, Shawn (2018). Shaping North America. ABC–CLIO. ISBN 9781440836695.
- Spencer, Mark G. (2015). Encyclopedia of American Enlightenment. ISBN 9780826479693.
- Thomas, Isaiah (1970). The history of printing in America. Weathervane Books. OCLC 1075157284.
- Wall, Alexander James (1964). William Bradford, Colonial Printer. The Davis Press. OCLC 16940938.
- Whittemore, Henry (1967). Genealogical to Early Settlers. Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806303789.
Further reading
- E. B. Bronner & D. Fraser, William Penn's published writings, 1660–1726: an interpretive bibliography (1986)
- H. Amory & D. D.Hall, eds., The colonial book in the Atlantic world (2000)
- A. J. DeArmond, Andrew Bradford: colonial journalist (1949)
- Faragher, John Mack (1990). Encyclopedia of Colonial & Revolutionary America. Sachem Publishing Associates, Inc. ISBN 9780816017447.
- D. F. McKenzie, ed., Stationers' Company apprentices, [2]: 1641–1700 (1974)
- C. W. Miller, Benjamin Franklin's Philadelphia printing, 1728–1766: a descriptive bibliography (1974)
- R. S. Mortimer, ‘The first century of Quaker printers’, Journal of the Friends' Historical Society, 40 (1948), 37–49; 41 (1949), 78–84
- Pasley, Jeffery L. (2003). "The tyranny of printers" : newspaper politics in the early American republic. Charlottesville ; London : University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-8139-21891. -- alternative Google link
- Steven J. Shaw. Colonial Newspaper Advertising: A Step toward Freedom of the Press. The Business History Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Autumn, 1959), pp. 409–420
- Catherine Tourangeau, "It Runs in the Family: The Bradfords, Print, and Liberty(1680-1810)" (Universite de Montreal, M.A. Thesis, 2013)
- Wroth, Lawrence C. (1994). The Colonial Printer. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486282947.