William Henry Flower
Sir William Henry Flower | |
---|---|
Born | Stratford-upon-Avon, England | 30 November 1831
Died | 1 July 1899 Kensington, London, England | (aged 67)
Alma mater | University College London |
Awards | Royal Medal (1882) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Zoology |
Institutions | British Army Royal College of Surgeons Natural History Museum |
Sir William Henry Flower
Origins and early years
Born on 30 November 1831 in his father's house at Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, he was the second son of Edward Fordham Flower, founder of the town brewery, and his wife Celina Greaves (1804–1884), eldest daughter of John Greaves and his wife Mary Whitehead.[1] His paternal grandfather Richard Flower had married Elizabeth Fordham and settled at Albion, Illinois, where his father grew up.
His uncles included the slate entrepreneur
First taught at home by his mother, he went to a school in Edgbaston at the age 11 and then from age 13 to a Pestalozzian school at Worksop under a Swiss headmaster, Dr B. Heldenmaier.[2] There were ten hours schooling each day which included, rare at that time, science. Already a collector of natural history objects, he was made curator of the school museum and for almost all the rest of his life was a museum curator of one kind or another.
He then attended
Medical career
Appointed a junior house surgeon at the Middlesex Hospital, after six months he was promoted to senior house surgeon and in 1854 passed the exam to become an
However, with the outbreak of the
When fit to work he returned to London, taking the diploma to become an
The evolution debate
In 1860, intellectual circles in London were alive with talk of evolution. Long interested in the wider sphere of natural history rather than just human physiology, he decided to move his career in that direction. A probable influence was Thomas Henry Huxley, also a comparative anatomist and Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution at the time, and his first contact with Huxley came through the naval surgeon, zoologist, and palaeontologist George Busk.
With Huxley he became engaged in controversy with
In the evolution debate he was among those who, like his wife's brother-in-law. the Reverend Professor Baden Powell, saw no threat to religious belief in accepting the theory. In 1883 he expounded his view in an address to the Church Congress in Reading under the title: "The bearing of science on religion".
Transfer to zoology
On the recommendation of Huxley and others, in 1862 he became Conservator of the
In 1870 he became Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy, in succession to Huxley, and began a series of lectures that ran for fourteen years, all on aspects of the
Natural History Museum
In 1884, on the retirement of Sir Richard Owen, he was appointed to the directorship of what were then the Natural History departments of the British Museum in South Kensington. The four departments of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy and Geology each had its own Keeper, who was largely autonomous from the Director, who was himself subject to the Principal Librarian and to the Trustees of the British Museum. Facing a wide array of personalities to contend with and a heavy load of administrative duties, he was a more or less instant success, testifying to his strong but tactful personality.[3]
In 1889 he showed his devotion by installing a statue of Charles Darwin in the Museum. In that year he was chosen as President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, having previously headed its biological section in 1878 and its anthropological section in 1881 (being chosen again in 1894). In 1893 he served as President of the Museums Association.[1]
In 1895, in addition to his role as Director he took over the post of Keeper of Zoology, holding it until his retirement. He immediately set about rearranging the zoological galleries according to the theories he had evolved on effective presentation by de-cluttering the exhibits, ensuring each specimen had an easy-to-read label, and placing each stuffed animal beside its skeleton and remains of its extinct allies in order to give the displays depth and context.[3]
Other contributions to knowledge
Beyond his continuing interest in primates, he became an expert on the Cetacea, that is the whales and their relatives. He carried out dissections, went out on whaling boats, studied discoveries of whale fossils, and established a whale room at the Natural History Museum with skeletons and plaster casts.[5] [6] It was he who made public the "absolute and complete destruction of two species of right whale by the reckless greed of the whalers".[4]: 75
He made valuable contributions to structural
He was a leading authority on the arrangement of museums. He insisted on the importance of distinguishing between collections intended for the use of specialists and those designed for the instruction of the general public, pointing out that it was as futile to present to the former a number of merely typical forms as to provide the latter with a long series of specimens differing only in the most minute details. His ideas, which were largely and successfully applied to the museums of which he had charge, gained wide approval and entitle him to be seen as a reformer who did much to improve methods of museum arrangement and management.[7]
He also laboured for wider access to museums, both by educated people who needed to know more about the rapidly developing world of science and by ordinary people whose mental horizons could be expanded. He personally led conducted tours for groups across the social spectrum, from royalty at one end to working men at the other.[8][9]
He became a public figure, his lectures being crowded and his views influential. In a study of deliberate deformation of the human body in various cultures, he included corsets and high heels, illustrating the effects with pictures of distorted female skeletons.[10] Horrified at the widespread slaughter of birds to provide feathers for fashionable hats, he said of the egret: "one of the most beautiful of birds is being swept off the face of the earth under circumstances of peculiar cruelty, to minister to a passing fashion." Which led Beatrix Potter to write: "I wonder what Sir W Flower's speciality is besides ladies' bonnets."[3]
In 1869, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.[11]
Family and personal life
Flower married Georgiana Rosetta Smyth, on 15 April 1858, at Stone in Buckinghamshire. Georgiana was the youngest daughter of Admiral
Having been created a
Illness and overwork led him to take retirement from the Natural History Museum in August 1898 and he died at his home in South Kensington on I July 1899, aged 67. His remains were buried with his wife's family at Stone in Buckinghamshire.[1]
Publications
Flowers publications were all but a few on mammals (and surgery); he was not a field biologist, nor a student of the other vertebrate groups.
- Flower, William Henry (1859). "On the importance of a knowledge of the elements of practical surgery to naval and military officers". Journal of the United Service Institution. iii: 1–11. OCLC 969472933, 4804948344.
- Diagrams of the nerves of the human body. London 1861.
- 'Observations of the posterior lobes of the cerebrum of the Quadrumana, with a description of the brain of a Galago'. Proc Roy Soc. 1860–62 xi, 376–81, 508; Phil Trans 1862 185–201.
- 'Notes on the anatomy of Lithecia Monachus (Geoff.).' Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 9 December 1862 1–8
- 'On the brain of the Javan Loris (Stenops javenicus).' Read 1862, publ. Zool Soc Trans 1866 103–111.
- 'On the brain of the Siamang (Hylobatis syndactylis).' Nat Hist Rev 1863 279–257.
- 'Notes on the skeletons of whales in the principal museums of Holland and Belgium, with descriptions of two species apparently new to science.' Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 8 November 1864 384–420.
- An introduction to the osteology of the Mammalia. London 1870; 2nd ed 1876; 3rd ed with Hans Gadow 1883. An introduction to the osteology of the mammalia (1885)
- 'On the brain of the red Howling Monkey (Mycetes seniculus).' Zool Soc Proc 1864 335–338.
- Fashion in deformity. 1885.
- The Horse: a study in natural history. 1890.
- Introduction to the study of Mammals, living and extinct with Richard Lydekker. London 1891.
- Essays on Museums and other subjects. London: Macmillan. 1898. (Includes appreciations of Huxley and Owen)
Flower wrote forty articles for the 9th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, every one on a group of mammals.[13]
See also
References
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9766. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ 920 MUS/2/6-17 Dr. B. Heldenmaier, Headmaster of the Pestalozzian Institution at Worksop, Nottinghamshire, retrieved 25 February 2018
- ^ a b c d Hatton, James (2010), "The men at the top: William Henry Flower", Waterhouse Times (PDF), retrieved 25 February 2018
- ^ a b Cornish, Charles J. (1904). Sir William Henry Flower KCB: A Personal Memoir. London: Macmillan.
- ^ "Whales: Beneath the surface | Natural History Museum".
- ^ Hendry, Alastair (2 March 2017), "One man forever changed the way curators showcase their largest and most eye-catching specimens – including blue whales", The whale story: a delight to the eye, retrieved 25 February 2018
- ^ a b public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Flower, Sir William Henry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 553. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Flower, William Henry (1898). Essays on museums and other subjects connected with natural history, by Sir William Henry Flower. London; New York: Macmillan. p. 93.
- ^ Lydekker, Richard (1906). Sir William Flower. Dent, London & Dutton, N.Y. p. 153.
- ^ Flower, W.H. (1881). Fashion in Deformity. London: Macmillan and Co.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- .
- ^ Important Contributors to the Britannica, 9th and 10th Editions, 1902encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
Further reading
- Edwards, E. (1870). Lives of the founders of the British Museum: with notices of its chief augmentors and other benefactors, 1570-1870. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Crook, J. Mordaunt (1972). The British Museum. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Miller, E. (1973). That noble cabinet: A history of the British Museum. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821401392.
- Gunther, Albert E (1975). A century of zoology at the British Museum. London.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Barber, L. (1980). "Omnium gatherum". The heyday of natural history 1820–1870. London: Cape.
- Gunther, Albert E (1981). The founders of science at the British Museum, 1753–1900. London: Halesworth.
- Stearn, W. T. (1981). The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: a history of the British Museum (Natural History), 1753–1980.