William W. Momyer
William Wallace Momyer | |
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William Wallace Momyer (September 23, 1916 – August 10, 2012) was a general officer and fighter pilot in the
Momyer was acknowledged in the USAF community as "a true expert in tactical air warfare."[2] His predecessor as commander of TAC, General Gabriel P. Disosway, described him as difficult to work for or with because he was "much smarter than most people."[2] After his retirement in 1973, he spent five years researching and writing Airpower in Three Wars, his treatise on airpower doctrine, strategy, and tactics.[3]
Momyer is a controversial figure historically for an incident of racial intolerance during World War II when as a fighter group commander he recommended that the
Early life
Momyer was born in 1916, the son of a lawyer in
Momyer entered military service in 1938 as an aviation cadet in the
Service in World War II
Early in 1942, during
From
During the
The priority of demands by ground force commanders for "umbrellas" (defensive air cover from attacks by Stukas) meant that other tactical missions such as close air support and escort were necessarily left to small elements, and without air superiority, attrition was high during the German offensives in central Tunisia of 18 and 30 January 1943.[12] On 2 February 1943, during German attacks on Faid Pass, where the Luftwaffe had been reinforced by the remains of the Desert Luftwaffe retreating with field marshal Erwin Rommel, the group was tasked to provide both an air cover umbrella for Allied ground forces under attack by Stukas and escort for attacking USAAF bombers, losing nine aircraft.[13] As a consequence the 33rd Fighter Group was one of four Twelfth Air Force groups[n 3] so debilitated that they were withdrawn from combat to reconstitute losses in pilots and acquisition of better aircraft.[14][n 4]
Of the situation, Momyer himself said:
The German Air Force controlled the air in northern and southern Tunisia. Friendly losses were so high that the mission of the air forces and the structure of the command and control system had to change drastically... The German fighters, by concentrating against small formations of U.S. and British fighters trying to maintain umbrellas over ground forces throughout the day, made Allied air losses prohibitive.[15]
Soon after, during the
Following the surrender of Axis forces in North Africa on 13 May, the Allied air forces immediately began a campaign of softening up the island of
Racial controversy
In September 1943, after the 99th was again attached to his group, Momyer recommended in a memo to Major General Edwin J. House, commanding XII Air Support Command, that it be removed from operations and assigned coastal patrol duties in
Reports in the press that the USAAF was considering downgrading the combat role of the 99th FS, partly based on Momyer's assessment, were followed in October by a review conducted by the
Momyer was replaced in command of the 33rd FG in October 1943,
Post World War II and USAF career
He became the Assistant Chief of Staff (A-5) for Tactical Air Command in 1946 during the formation of TAC headquarters, and continued serving with TAC until he entered the
Upon graduation from the Air War College in 1950 he became a member of the faculty. He attended the
In March 1955 Momyer returned to Korea to establish the
Momyer assumed command of the
Momyer was director of plans, Headquarters TAC, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, from July 1958 to October 1961. He was assigned to Headquarters USAF from October 1961 to February 1964 as director of operational requirements, and during the period of February–August 1964, as assistant deputy chief of staff, programs and requirements.[5] Of this period in his career, Boyne writes: "Characteristically, he continued to do as much work as possible himself, earning fame for his reading speed and total recall. This performance masked an important shortfall, though: By failing to use his deputies effectively, he also failed to train a next generation to replace him."[26]
Vietnam era commands
In August 1964 Momyer became commander of the Air Training Command and held that post until July 1966, when he went to
Momyer has been subject to criticisms for his relationship to subordinates and insistence on implementation of his own views. Brigadier General
Boyne stated: "(Momyer) brushed off subordinates’ opinions even though he often questioned his superiors’ views when they differed from his own."[2] However, he supported Colonel Jack Broughton in his lobbying of higher echelons to have planning of air missions against North Vietnam determined by local commanders instead of being dictated by the White House, although Momyer later withheld award of decorations earned by Broughton when Ryan, one of the higher echelons opposing the lobbying, made known his intense dislike of Broughton. Momyer also notably brought Colonel Robin Olds to the Seventh Air Force, despite a personal animus, to reduce loss rates in the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing,[31] and implemented the tactical initiative Operation Bolo proposed by Olds even while expressing personal disapproval of Olds' public persona.[6]
Momyer retired from the USAF on September 30, 1973. He and his wife, Marguerite Willson Momyer, were married 69 years until her death in 2004. He died from heart failure on August 10, 2012, at an assisted living center in Merritt Island, Florida, aged 95.[4]
Awards and decorations
Momyer received the following awards and decorations:[5]
USAF Command Pilot Badge |
- Distinguished Service Cross
- Air Force Distinguished Service Medalwith oak leaf cluster
- Army Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
- Silver Star with two oak leaf clusters
- Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters
- Distinguished Flying Cross
- Légion d'honneur, Knight (France)
- Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
- Order of National Security Merit, Tong-Il Medal
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Thailand
- Vietnam Air Force Distinguished Service Order, 2nd class
- Vietnam Gallantry Crosswith palm
- Vietnam Air Gallantry Cross with silver wings
- Vietnam Campaign Medal
Notes
- Footnotes
- ^ Boyne notes that one of the units with which Momyer flew was No. 112 Squadron RAF, the first unit to paint the "shark's teeth" markings associated with P-40s on its aircraft.
- ^ Only two of its three squadrons were forward-based at Thelepte, and both of those were half-strength due to combat losses and the transfer of P-40s on 9 January 1943 to the Free French to equip the first squadron of GCII/5. (Mayock, p. 112)
- ) also had to be withdrawn because of severe attrition in the month leading up to Kasserine. (Mayock, pp. 156–157)
- ^ The "better equipment" for the 33rd FG was the P-40N variant, whose air combat capability was much closer to that of the German Bf 109 Gustav then in use in Tunisia. (Mayock, p. 159)
- ^ The reorganization of Allied tactical airpower in North Africa was not a consequence of the Kasserine crisis but the result of decisions handed down from the Casablanca Conference a month before.
- ^ The 99th FS was a separate squadron unassigned to any group until May 1944. It was assigned directly to XII Air Support Command and temporarily attached to groups for its combat missions. The 99th was twice attached to the 33d FG, in May–June and August–October 1943.
- 324th Fighter Groupand it had not yet been awarded for Momyer to "ignore."
- ^ The study was conducted by the AAF's Statistical Control Division, Office of Management Control, and examined operations between 3 July 1943 and 31 January 1944. (Haulman "Chronology", p. 19)
- 79th Fighter Groupin Italy, and the day after Davis defended his squadron's performance to a War Department inquiry. (Haulman "Chronology", p. 14)
- Citations
- ^ Boyne, "Momyer", pp. 64–65
- ^ a b c d Boyne, "Momyer", p. 64
- ^ Boyne, "Momyer", p. 68
- ^ a b Megan McDonough, Retired Air Force Gen. William W. Momyer dies at 95, The Washington Post (September 1, 2012). Retrieved 29 October 2013
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "General William Wallace Momyer". U.S. Air Force (af.mil). Retrieved 16 October 2013.
- ^ a b Boyne, "Momyer", p. 65
- ^ Boyne, "Momyer", pp. 65–66
- ^ Boyne, "Momyer", pp. 66–67
- ^ Mayock (1946), pp. 73 and 81
- ^ Mayock (1946), p. 120
- ^ Francis (1997), pp. 215–216
- ^ Mortenson (1987), p. 68
- ^ Mayock (1946), pp. 125–126
- ^ Mayock (1946), pp. 156–157, 159
- ^ Momyer (1978), p. 40
- ^ Mayock (1946), p. 173
- ^ Boyne, "Momyer", p. 66
- ^ Craven and Cate (1949), p. 175, 181
- ^ Haulman, "Chronology", p. 8
- ^ Craven and Cate (1949), p. 427, 430–431
- ^ Francis (1997), p. 89
- ^ Bucholz (2007), pp. 24–25
- ^ Haulman, "Chronology", p. 13
- ^ Haulman, "Chronology", p. 14
- ^ Haulman, "Misconceptions", p. 4
- ^ a b c Boyne, "Momyer", p. 67
- ^ 33d Operations Group Fact Sheet Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, AFHRA. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
- ^ Tilford (2009), p. 76
- ^ Yeager (1985), pp. 298–299
- ^ Yeager (1985), pp. 303–305
- ^ Sherwood (1999), pp. 27–28
References
- Boyne, Walter J. (2013). "Momyer" (PDF). AIR FORCE Magazine. 98 No. 8 (August). Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- Bucholtz, Chris (2007). 332nd Fighter Group: Tuskegee Airmen, Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-044-4.
- Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1949). The Army Air Forces In World War II, Air Force Historical Studies Office;Volume Two – Europe: Torch to Pointblank: August 1942 – December 1943
- Francis, Charles E.; Adolph Caso (1997). The Tuskegee Airmen: The Men who Changed a Nation. Branden Books. ISBN 978-0828320290.
- Haulman, Dr. Daniel L. (2013). "Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen", AFHRA. Retrieved 26 October 2013
- ---(2010). "Tuskegee Airmen Chronology[permanent dead link]", AFHRA. Retrieved 31 October 2013
- Mayock, Thomas H. (1946). The Twelfth Air Force in the North African Winter Campaign, 11 November 1942 to the Reorganization of 18 February 1943 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, USAF Historical Study No. 114, Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Momyer, General William W. (USAF ret.) (1978). Airpower in Three Wars, Department of Defense, Department of the Air Force.
- Mortenson, Daniel R. (1987). A Pattern for Joint Operations: World War II Close Air Support, North Africa. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History/U.S. Army Center of Military History.
- Sherwood, John Darrell (1999). "Old Lionheart". Fast Movers: Jet Pilots and the Vietnam Experience. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-312-97962-1.
- Tilford, Earl H. (2009). Crosswinds: The Air Force's Setup in Vietnam: Volume 30 of Williams-Ford Texas A&M University Military History Series, Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1603441261.
- Yeager, Gen. Chuck, and Janos, Leo (1985). Yeager: An Autobiography, Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-05093-1
External links
- Airpower in Three Wars, by Gen. W.W. Momyer (1978)
See also