Xiphinema index
Xiphinema index | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Nematoda |
Class: | Enoplea |
Order: | Dorylaimida |
Family: | Longidoridae |
Genus: | Xiphinema |
Species: | X. index
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Binomial name | |
Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950
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Xiphinema index, the California dagger nematode, is a species of plant-parasitic nematodes.
History
A major pest of grapes, the California dagger nematode provided the first example of a nematode acting as a vector for a viral plant disease. It has spread to multiple continents where there is viticulture production.[1]
Description
Xiphinema index is a migratory ectoparasite that primarily feeds on the root tips of
Life cycle and reproduction
The females of this species lay their eggs in the soil near potential hosts. The first molt does not occur until 24–48 hours after hatching. The following molts occur in six-day intervals after, and complete a life-cycle within 22–27 days. However, a life cycle of several months has also been reported.[3] The nematode can reproduce by parthenogenesis, and thus one female can reproduce an entire population. The nematode survives primarily in the egg stage, although other stages can survive in the soil for up to three years. Xiphinema index causes both mechanical and physiological damage, and may cause terminal swelling and necrosis on the roots of its susceptible hosts.[4]
Distribution
Xiphinema index has been found to in the following regions: Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Italy, North Africa, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Turkey and USA. In California, it is typically found in the north but can sometimes reach as far south as
Vector of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus
Management
Infected roots should be removed from the vineyard, and a non-host should be grown for several years, if possible. Historically, this pest has been managed by the use of chemical fumigants, such as
References
- ^ "Xiphinema index". Faculty.entomology.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
- ^ a b c van Zyl, S., M.A. Vivier, M.A. Walker. 2011. Xiphinema index and its Relationship to Grapevines: A review. S. A. J. of Enology and Viticulture, Vol. 33, No.1
- ^ a b c "Xiphinema index". Plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu. 2013-09-13. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
- ^ Sadek M. Ayoub.1977. Plant Nematology-An Agricultural Training Aid. State of California, Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Laboratory Services--Nematology
- ^ "Xiphinema index". nematology.ucdavis.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-09.
- ^ Cotten, K., Flegg, J.J.M. & Popham, A.M., 1971. Population studies with Xiphinema diversicadatum and X. index maintained under two temperature regimes. Nematologica 16, 584-590.
- ^ P. Andret-Link; C. Laporte; L. Valat; C. Ritzenthaler; G. Demangeat; E. Vigne; V. Laval; P. Pfeiffer; C. Stussi-Garaud; M. Fuchs (2004). "GRAPEVINE FANLEAF VIRUS: STILL A MAJOR THREAT TO THE GRAPEVINE INDUSTRY". Journal of Plant Pathology. 86 (3).
- ^ "Fanleaf Degenerative Disease". University of California, Davis.
- ^ Das, S & Raski, D.J. 1968. Effect of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus on the Reproduction and Survival of its Nematode vector, Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen. Journal of Nematology, Vol. 1, No. 2, 107-110.
- ^ Gérard Demangeat, Roger Voisin, Jean-Claude Minot, Nathalie Bosselut, Marc Fuchs, and Daniel Esmenjaud. 2005. Survival of Xiphinema index in Vineyard Soil and Retention of Grapevine fanleaf virus Over Extended Time in the Absence of Host Plants. Phytopathology: Volume 95, Number 10, Pages 1151-1156.
External links
- Nemaplex, University of California - Xiphinema index Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine