Yamhad dynasty

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Yamhad Dynasty
Country
King of Yamhad
Final rulerItur-Addu, King of Mukish (Alalakh)
TitlesGreat King of Yamhad
King of Alalakh (Mukish)
Queen consort of Mari
Estate(s)Syria, Turkey
Dissolution1344 BC
Abba-El I seal

The Yamhad dynasty

Hatay with a cadet branch ruling in the city of Alalakh
(Land of Mukish).

The dynasty was ousted during a short

Suppiluliuma I
in c. 1344 BC.

History

In all likelihoods Yamhad was a tribal name.

Great King,[2] his reign saw an alliance with Hammurabi of Babylon,[5] and the dynasty became the most influential family in the Levant with the armies of Yamhad campaigning as far away as Diniktum in southern Mesopotamia next to Elam borders.[6] Dynastic marriages played a part in the dynasty policy and included royal members of many kingdoms such as Ebla and Mari,[7] whose King Zimri-Lim was married to Shibtu the daughter of Yarim-Lim I.[8]

Hammurabi I (re. c. 1764 BC) son of Yarim-Lim I ruled a prosperous Kingdom, The dynasty hegemony remained unchallenged and he was able to add Carchemish to his vassals,[9] his successor Abba-El I installed his younger brother Yarim-Lim on the throne of Alalakh in c. 1735 BC, thus creating a cadet branch of the dynasty under the hegemony of the great king in Aleppo.[10]

In Aleppo

Legal case from Niqmi-Epuh to the king of Alalakh

The line of great kings in aleppo continued to hold hegemony over other Syrian kingdoms,

Hattusili I launched a series of destructive campaigns against the allies of the kingdom starting with Alalakh which fell in c. 1650 BC.[14] The war continued for many years and ended with the sacking of Aleppo and the capture of Hammurabi III in c. 1600 BC by Mursili I the successor of Hattusili.[15][16]

After the assassination of Mursili, Sarra-El a prince and a possible son of Yarim-Lim III regained aleppo and ruled a much smaller kingdom that again included Alalakh.[17][18] He was succeeded by his son Abba-El II,[19] then his grandson Ilim-Ilimma I who was the last member of the dynasty to rule Aleppo as its king,[20] he was killed in c. 1524 BC which put an end to the kingdom of Yamhad.[21]

In Alalakh

Yarim-Lim of Alalakh

Two cadet branches ruled Alalakh, the first was founded by Yarim-Lim son of Hammurabi I in c. 1735,

Ammitakum who started to reign at the beginning of Niqmi-Epuh term and died shortly before the sack of Alalakh.[22] Ammitakum asserted his autonomy from Yamhad without declaring an independent kingdom, he declared his son prince Hammurabi as his heir in the presence of Yarim-Lim III who had no part in making that decision,[23] those acts probably played a part in Aleppo decision not to send reinforcements to protect Alalakh from the Hittites who sacked it ending the first branch rule in c. 1650 BC.[14][24]

The second branch was established by

Suppiluliuma I,[30] who defeated Itur-Addu and annexed both Aleppo and Alalakh in c. 1344 BC.[31]

Members

Bold text : Great king.

Family tree

  King of Aleppo -   King of Alalakh -   Queen -   Prince -   Princess - Dotted line : relation uncertain.

Yarim-Lim II seal
Niqmi-Epuh seal
Abba-El II seal
Idrimi of Alalakh
Tablet of Niqmepa with the seal of Abba-El II used
Sumu-Epuh
re. 1810-1780 BC		Sumunna-Abi
Yarim-Lim I
re. 1780-1764 BC		Gashera
Hammurabi I
re. 1764-1750 BC		ShibtuZimri-Lim
TatteyaNakkusseYarim-Lim of Alalakh
re. 1735-? BC		Abba-El I
re. 1750-1720 BC
Ammitakum
Yarim-Lim II
re. 1720-1700 BC
HammurabiNiqmi-Epuh
re. 1700-1675 BC
Abba-ElIrkabtum
re. 1675- Middle 17th century BC		Hammurabi II
re. Middle 17th century BC		Yarim-Lim III
re. Middle 17th century BC -1625 BC
Sarra-El
re. Early 16th century BC		Hammurabi III
re. 1625-1600 BC
Abba-El II
re. Middle 16th century BC
Ilim-Ilimma I
re. Middle 16th century BC - 1524 BC
Idrimi
re. 1517-1480 BC
NiqmepaAddu-nirari
Ilim-Ilimma II
Itur-Addu

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Facoltà di teologia Pontificia università della Santa Croce (Vaticano Città del). Diss Ertationes. p. 160.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9780931464072
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  3. ISBN 9780802058737
    .
  4. ISBN 9781134159086
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  5. ISBN 9781134520626
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  6. ^ Jack M. Sasson (1969). The Military Establishments at Mari. p. 2+3.
  7. ISBN 9780810939455
    .
  8. ISBN 9004117326
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 9781134520626
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  10. ISBN 9780191591044
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  11. ISBN 9781575060668
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  12. ^ Akadémiai Kiadó (1984). Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. p. 7+27.
  13. ISBN 9780521082303
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  14. ^
    ISBN 9780520203075
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  15. ISBN 9780199240104
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  16. ISBN 9780191002922
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  17. ISBN 9780199240104
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  18. ^ a b Michael C. Astour. Orientalia: Vol. 38. p. 382.
  19. ISBN 9781134159079
    .
  20. ISBN 9789186098865
    .
  21. ^ Michael C. Astour. Hittite History and Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age. p. 92.
  22. ^ a b wilfred van soldt (1999). Akkadica, Volumes 111-120. p. 109.
  23. ISBN 9789630507608
    .
  24. ISBN 9781134259588
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  25. ISBN 9780931464416
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  26. ISBN 9780520203075
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  27. ISBN 9781934309148
    .
  28. ISBN 9780199240104
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  29. ISBN 9780931464157
    .
  30. ISBN 9781934309148
    .
  31. ISBN 9781134159086
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  32. ISBN 9780199557301
    .
  33. ISBN 9780521828857
    .
  34. ^ wilfred van soldt (1999). Akkadica, Volumes 111-120. p. 108.
  35. ISBN 9781575061139
    .
  36. ISBN 9789186098865
    .
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