435th Operations Group
| 435th Operations Group | |
|---|---|
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | |
| Insignia | |
| 435th Operations Group emblem (approved 4 October 1976).[note 1] |  |
| 435th Troop Carrier Group emblem (approved 22 May 1952)[1] |  |
| Unofficial 435th Troop Carrier Group emblem (World War II)[2] |  |
The 435th Operations Group is an inactive
435th Airlift Wing at Rhein-Main Air Base
, Germany, where it was inactivated on 1 April 1995.
The unit was first activated during
Distinguished Unit Citation
for its actions during the Normandy invasion.
The group was activated in the reserve in 1947. It was called to active duty in March 1951 for the
435th Troop Carrier Wing in a reorganization of Continental Air Command
reserve units.
The group was reactivated in England in July 1975 as the 435th Tactical Airlift Group, a headquarters for airlift units deployed there. It moved to
United States Air Forces Europe reduced its presence at Rhein-Main as it transferred its European airlift operations to Ramstein Air Base
, Germany.
History
World War II
Media related to 435th Troop Carrier Group (United States Army Air Forces) at Wikimedia Commons
The
78th Troop Carrier Squadrons assigned as its original components. The group used Douglas C-47 Skytrains and Douglas C-53 Skytrooopers in preparing for duty overseas with Ninth Air Force.[1][3][4][5][6]
The 435th left the United States in October 1943, arriving at
Distinguished Unit Citation for its part in Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion.[1]
The group began transport services following the landings in France and intermittently engaged in missions of this type until
V-E Day In these operations the 435th hauled supplies such as serum, blood plasma, radar sets, clothing, rations, and ammunition. It also evacuated wounded personnel to Allied hospitals.[1]
The group interrupted these supply and evacuation missions to train for and participate in three major airborne assaults. It sent a detachment of three squadrons to Tarquinia Airfield, Italy in July 1944 for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France.[7] The detachment dropped paratroopers over the assault area on 15 August and also released gliders carrying troops and equipment such as jeeps, guns, and ammunition. The following day it flew a resupply mission over France, then transported supplies to bases in Italy before returning to England at the end of the month.[1]
In September 1944 the group participated in
82d and 101st Airborne Divisions and releasing gliders carrying reinforcements.[1] During the Battle of the Bulge, the group delivered supplies to isolated combat positions of the 101st Airborne and 7th Armored Divisions in Bastogne and Marcouray, Belgium.[8]
The unit moved to
Rhine River. Each group aircraft participating in this operation towed two gliders transporting troops and equipment to the east bank of the Rhine near Wesel on 24 March. The group then flew resupply missions to Germany in support of ground forces.[1]
The group transported supplies to occupation forces in Germany and evacuated Allied prisoners of war after V-E Day. The group returned to the United States in August and was inactivated on 15 November 1945.[1]
Reserve duty
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The group was once again activated as a reserve unit under
Orlando Air Force Base and another at Miami International Airport.[4][5] The group was nominally a Curtiss C-46 Commando unit, but it is not clear to what extent it was equipped with tactical aircraft while at Morrison.[1]
In June 1949,
100th Bombardment Group.[11] Reserve flying operations at Morrison came to an end, with the exception of the 326th Troop Carrier Squadron, which remained there until September, when it moved to Pennsylvania and was assigned to another wing.[12] The group was manned at 25% of normal strength but was authorized four squadrons rather than the three of active duty units.[13]
At Miami, the group trained with C-46s under the supervision of the active duty 2585th Air Force Reserve Training Center.
The group was activated as a reserve unit the same day at the same station, but with the personnel and equipment of the inactivating
482d Troop Carrier Wing.[19] In the reserve, the group once again flew the Curtiss Commandos.[17] By 1956, the unit was flying overseas missions, particularly in the Caribbean area and in Central America. In addition, for the first time as a reserve unit, its flying was performed in unit tactical aircraft, rather than in trainers.[20]
During the first half of 1955, the Air Force began detaching reserve squadrons to separate locations. The dispersal of separate squadrons to smaller population centers was intended to facilitate recruiting and manning. One of the first three squadrons to move as this policy was implemented was the 78th Troop Carrier Squadron, which was activated at
New Orleans Naval Air Station, Louisiana.[5] Only the 76th Squadron remained with group headquarters in Miami.[4]
In 1957, the group once again received C-119s.[17] The unit was inactivated on 14 April 1959 when the 435th Wing adopted the Dual Deputy organization and the group's squadrons were assigned directly to the wing.[8][4][5][6]
European operations
C-140 JetStar[note 2]
The group was reactivated in 1975, when
513th Tactical Airlift Wing.[22]
,_USA_-_Air_Force_AN0992833.jpg)
In June 1978, MAC activated the 322d Airlift Division as its headquarters for European operations, and the group was reassigned directly to the division.[23] This assignment was short-lived, for the reorganization of airlift in Europe included the establishment of a permanent C-130 squadron to replace the rotational units at Mildenhall. In the fall the group moved without personnel and equipment to Rhein-Main and was once again reassigned to the 435th Wing until the group inactivated in June 1980.[24]
The group was activated as 435th Operations Group as part of Objective Wing reorganization of 435th Airlift Wing at Rhein-Main on 1 April 1992.[25]
In January 1994, the 38th Airlift Squadron (Provisional) was organized and attached to the group to integrate
Operation Restore Hope, humanitarian relief to Somalia. This support continued until October 1994, when, in preparation for the reduction of US presence at Rhein-Main, the group's airlift squadron was transferred to the 86th Operations Group at Ramstein Air Base.[26] The group was inactivated along with the 435th Airlift Wing in 1995.[27]
The unit was redesignated as the 435th Expeditionary Operations Group and converted to provisional status on 5 February 2001, however this action was reversed in 2003.[28]
Lineage
- Constituted as the 435th Troop Carrier Group on 30 January 1943
- Activated on 25 February 1943
- Inactivated on 15 November 1945
- Activated in the reserve on 15 July 1947
- Redesignated 435th Troop Carrier Group, Medium on 26 June 1949
- Ordered to active duty on 1 March 1951
- Relieved from active duty and inactivated on 1 December 1952
- Activated in the reserve on 1 December 1952
- Inactivated on 14 April 1959[29]
- Redesignated 435th Tactical Airlift Group and activated on 1 July 1975[16]
- Inactivated on 1 June 1980[16]
- Redesignated: 435th Operations Group and activated on 1 April 1992[16]
- Inactivated on 1 April 1995[16]
- Redesignated 435th Expeditionary Operations Group and converted to provisional status on 5 February 2001[30]
- Withdrawn from provisional status and redesignated 435th Operations Group on 10 December 2003[30]
Assignments
- 50th Troop Carrier Wing, 25 February 1943
- 53d Troop Carrier Wing, 15 April 1943
- 50th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 July 1943
- 60 Troop Carrier Wing, 13 August 1943
- I Troop Carrier Command, 4 October 1943
- 50th Troop Carrier Wing, 3 November 1943
- 53d Troop Carrier Wing, 21 February 1944
- United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe 25 June 1945
- I Troop Carrier Command, 2 August 1945
- Third Air Force, 4 – 15 November 1945
- 302d Troop Carrier Wing (later
- 435th Troop Carrier Wing, 26 June 1949 – 1 December 1952[17]
- 435th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 December 1952 – 14 April 1959[17]
- 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 1 July 1975[17]
- 322d Airlift Division, 23 June 1978[23]
- 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 15 September – 1 June 1980[17]
- 435th Airlift Wing, 1 April 1992 – 1 April 1995[17]
- United States Air Forces Europe to activate or inactivate as needed, 5 February 2001 – 10 December 2003[30]
Components
- Assigned squadrons
- 38th Airlift Squadron (Provisional): Attached 4 January 1994 – 1 October 1994[34]
- 55th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron: 15 September 1978 – 15 December 1978, 1 April 1992 – 1 July 1993[34]
- 58th Military Airlift Squadron: 1 September 1977 – 23 June 1978
- Ramstein Air Base, Germany[35]
- 75th Troop Carrier Squadron: 25 February 1943 – 15 November 1945[3]
- 76th Troop Carrier Squadron: 25 February 1943 – 15 November 1945; 15 July 1947 – 1 December 1952; 1 December 1952 – 14 April 1959
- Orlando Air Force Base, Florida 1947 – 26 June 1949[4]
- 77th Troop Carrier Squadron: 25 February 1943 – 15 November 1945; 15 July 1947 – 1 December 1952; 1 December 1952 – 14 April 1959
- Miami International Airport, Florida 1947-26 June 1949, Pinellas County Airport 18 August 1956 – 16 November 1957, New Orleans Naval Air Station, Louisiana after 16 November 1957[5]
- 78th Troop Carrier Squadron: 25 February 1943 – 15 November 1945; 15 July 1947 – 1 December 1952; 1 December 1952 – 24 March 1954; 1 April 1955 – 15 November 1957
- Jacksonville Municipal Airport, Florida, 1947 – 1952, Orlando Air Force Base, Florida, 1955 – 1957[6]
- 349th Troop Carrier Squadron: 26 June 1949 – 23 March 1951[1]
- 435th Operations Support Squadron: 1 April 1992 – 1 October 1994[36]
- Attached rotation squadrons
- 32d Tactical Airlift Squadron: Attached 9 September 1977 – 14 November 1977[37]
- 39th Tactical Airlift Squadron: Attached 4 January 1977 – 4 March 1977[38]
- 40th Tactical Airlift Squadron: Attached 12 January 1976 – 15 March 1976, 16 April 1977 – 15 July 1977[39]
- 41st Tactical Airlift Squadron: Attached 13 July 1976 – 10 September 1976, 5 March 1977 – 25 April 1977, 2 May 1978 – 22 July 1978[40]
Stations
|
|
Aircraft
- Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 1943–1945[29]
- Douglas C-53 Skytrooper, 1943[29]
- Waco CG-4A glider, 1943–1945[29]
- North American T-6 Texan, 1949–1951[17]
- Beechcraft T-7 Navigator, 1949–1951[17]
- Beechcraft T-11 Kansan, 1949–1951[17]
- Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1949–1951; 1952–1957[17]
- Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1951–1952, 1957–1959[17]
- Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1975–1980[17]
- Douglas C-9A Nightingale, 1992–1993[17]
- Boeing VC-135 Stratolifter, 1977–1978[17]
- Lockheed VC-140 JetStar, 1977–1978[17]
- Beechcraft C-12 Huron, 1978[17]
- North American CT-39 Sabreliner, 1978[17]
- Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1994[17]
Awards and campaigns
| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Distinguished Unit Citation |
6 June 1944–7 June 1944 | Normandy, 435th Troop Carrier Group[1] |
 |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award |
15 December 1978–31 May 1980 | 435th Tactical Airlift Group[43] |
|
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 April 1992–30 June 1993 | 435th Operations Group[43] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 | 435th Troop Carrier Group[1] |
|
Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 435th Troop Carrier Group[1] |
|
Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | 435th Troop Carrier Group[1] |
|
Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 | 435th Troop Carrier Group[1] |
|
Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 | 435th Troop Carrier Group[1] |
|
Rome-Arno | 22 January 1944 – 9 September 1944 | 435th Troop Carrier Group[1] |
|
Southern France | 15 August 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 435th Troop Carrier Group[1] |
References
Notes
- ^ The 435th Group uses the 435th Wing emblem with the group designation on the scroll. Air Force Instruction 84-105, Organizational Lineage, Honors and Heraldry, 19 March 2013, para 3.3.3
- ^ Aircraft is Lockheed VC-140B-LM JetStar serial 61-2491. Taken in 1978.
- ^ The squadron was also known as "Delta Squadron." Citus et Certus, p. 11.
- ^ Citus et Certus indicates that the group's assignment to I Troop Carrier Command lasted until 15 November 1945. However, I Troop Carrier Command was disbanded on 4 November and replaced as the headquarters for troop carrier units in the United States by IX Troop Carrier Command. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 438–439, 448–449
- ^ Remained at Morrison Field in June 1949.
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 306–307
- ^ Citus et Certus, p. 24
- ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 274–275
- ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 276
- ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 278–279
- ^ a b c d Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 280–281
- ^ Citus et Certus. p. 25
- ^ a b Citus et Certus, p. 26
- ^ Knaack, p. 25
- ^ Ravenstein, pp. 230–231
- ^ See Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 171–172 (inactivation of 100th Group at Miami)
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 6–7
- ^ Cantwell, p. 74
- ^ "Abstract, History 2585 Air Force Reserve Training Center Jan–Mar 1951". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
- ^ Citus et Certus, p. 8
- ^ a b c d e f g h Citus et Certus, p. 28
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Robertson, Patsy (19 October 2015). "Factsheet 435 Air Ground Operations Wing (USAFE)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
- ^ Ravenstein, pp. 251–252
- ^ Ravenstein, pp. 267–268
- ^ Cantwell, p. 146
- ^ Cantwell, p. 156
- ^ Ravenstein, p. 281
- ^ a b "Factsheet 322 Airlift Division". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 12 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ Citus et Certus, p. 27
- ^ "Abstract, Vol. 1 History 435 Airlift Wing, Apr–Jun 1992". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ Citus et Certus, pp. 7–8, 11
- ^ Citus et Certus, p. 12
- ^ DAF/XPM Letter 201s, 5 February 2001, Subject: United States Air Forces Europe Expeditionary Units and DAF/DPM Letter 201s-6, 10 December 2003, same subject
- ^ a b c d e Lineage, stations and aircraft prior to 1959 in Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 306–307
- ^ a b c DAF Letter 201s, 5 February 2001, Subject: United States Air Forces Europe Expeditionary Units and DAF Letter 201s-6, 10 December 2003, same subject
- ^ Assignments prior to June 1949 are in Citus et Certus, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Robertson, Patsy (16 March 2015). "Factsheet 37 Airlift Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
- ^ Components were stationed with the group headquarters except as noted.
- ^ a b c Citus et Certus, p. 30
- ^ Robertson, Patsy (22 July 2010). "Factsheet 58 Airlift Squadron (AETC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
- ^ See "Abstract, Vol. IV History 435 Airlift Wing CY 1993". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 15 June 2016. (1993 mission reports for 435th Operations Support Squadron)
- ^ Kane, Robert B. (10 June 2010). "Factsheet 32 Flying Training Squadron (AETC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
- ^ Kane, Robert B. (20 January 2015). "Factsheet 39 Airlift Squadron (AMC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
- ^ Kane, Robert B. (7 January 2011). "Factsheet 40 Airlift Squadron (AMC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
- ^ Robertson, Patsy (2 April 2015). "Factsheet 41 Airlift Squadron (AMC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
- ^ Station number in Anderson.
- ^ Station number in Johnson.
- ^ a b "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 3 June 2016. (search)
Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- Johnson, 1st Lt. David C. (1988). U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO) D-Day to V-E Day (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2015.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems. Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. LCCN 61060979.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. OCLC 72556.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
- Citus et Certus: Swift and Sure. Ramstein AB, Germany: 435th Air Base Wing History Office. 2006.
External links
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