526 Antioch earthquake
  | |
| Local date | Probably between 20–29 May 526 |
|---|---|
| Local time | Mid-morning |
| Magnitude | 7.0 Ms[1] |
| Epicenter | 36°14′N 36°07′E / 36.23°N 36.12°E[2] |
| Areas affected | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) |
| Max. intensity | MMI VIII (Severe) – MMI IX (Violent) |
| Casualties | 250,000–300,000+ |
The 526 Antioch earthquake struck
Tectonic setting
The site of Antioch lies close to the complex triple junction between the northern end of the
Earthquake
The estimated magnitude for the earthquake is 7.0 on the
Damage
The earthquake caused severe damage to many of the buildings in Antioch, including Constantine the Great's great octagonal church Domus Aurea, built on an island in the Orontes River. Only houses built close to the mountain were said to have survived. Most of the damage however, was a result of the fires that went on for many days in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, made worse by the wind.[3] The fire was described as so intense that there was a literal rain of fire, leaving the city of Antioch entirely desolate.[4]
The Great Church was destroyed by the fire seven days after the earthquake.[3] Amongst the many victims was Euphrasius, the Patriarch of Antioch, who died after falling into a cauldron of pitch being used by wineskin makers, with only his head remaining unburnt.[6]
In the port of Seleucia Pieria an uplift of 0.7–0.8 m has been estimated, and the subsequent silting up of the harbour left it unusable.[7]
Estimates of the death toll for this earthquake vary between 250,000 and 300,000, with 250,000 being the most commonly reported.[3] It has been suggested that the very high number of casualties was a result of there being a large number of visitors in the city from the surrounding countryside, there to celebrate Ascension Day.[8]
The effects of the earthquake were further exacerbated by the ensuing lawlessness that was a result of the breakdown of the local government and necessary services. Many of the survivors gathered their families and belongings and fled the ruins of the city; however, many of these people were set upon by other victims or inhabitants that lived outside the city who robbed and murdered them for their belongings.[4]
Aftermath
The contemporary Chronicle of John Malalas, a native of Antioch, is the main primary source that describes the impact of the earthquake. After the fires subsided a frantic rescue effort was undertaken by those who remained to free those trapped in the rubble. Many were trapped under rubble because so many buildings in the city collapsed due to the earthquake. Many of those who were rescued nonetheless died soon afterwards from their injuries. It was reported that many inhabitants remained buried under rubble for up to 30 days but were able to survive. There were even reports of babies being born in the rubble and surviving along with their mothers.[4] Another reported miracle was that on the third day after the earthquake the Holy Cross appeared in the clouds above the northern district of the city, leading those who saw it to weep and pray for an hour.[4] The sophist Procopius of Gaza wrote among his works a monody on the event.[9]
In
In the eighth year and ninth month of his reign, Justin I appointed his nephew Justinian I co-emperor.[4] Justinian immediately made considerable efforts to increase the aid sent to Antioch for its reconstruction, with specific emphasis on the rebuilding of Christian holy sites. He built a Church of Mary, mother of Jesus across from the building known as the basilica of Rufinus. Another church, the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian, was erected in the same area.[4] Justinian's wife Theodora also aided in the rebuilding of the city. She commissioned the building of a church honouring the archangel Michael. Additionally, she arranged for the construction of the basilica of Anatolius, with columns sent from Constantinople.[4]
Justinian I also funded efforts to repair the civil services of the city. Under his leadership the hospice was repaired, in addition to baths and cisterns, allowing for a return of the inhabitants to Antioch. Moreover, Justinian I also hunted down and prosecuted individuals who had rioted, and had robbed and murdered the innocent during the chaos that followed the earthquake and breakdown of the local government. Many of the guilty were sentenced to death while other were severely punished. The punishments disregarded the factional allegiances of the individuals.[4]
See also
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- 115 Antioch earthquake
- 1872 Amik earthquake
- 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
- List of earthquakes in Turkey
- List of earthquakes in the Levant
- List of historical earthquakes
- List of natural disasters by death toll
References
- ^ doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- ^ "Online catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy 461 BC to 1997 and Mediterranean area 760 BC to 1500". Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sbeinati, M.R.; Darawcheh, R. & Mouty, M. (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 48 (3): 347–435. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-04-34460-0.
- ^ Çaktı, E.; Bikçe M.; Özel O.; Geneş C.; Kaçın S. & Kaya Y. (2011). "Antakya Basin Strong Ground Motion Network" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-85323-760-0.
- ^ Erol, O. & Pirazzoli, P.A. 2007. Seleucia Pieria: an ancient harbour submitted to two successive uplifts. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 21, 317–327.
- ^ S2CID 162788360.
- ISBN 978-1-351-92323-1. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ISBN 0-521-20159-4.
- S2CID 166809374. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.