1766 Istanbul earthquake

Coordinates: 40°48′N 29°00′E / 40.8°N 29°E / 40.8; 29
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
1766 Istanbul earthquake
Bosphorus shores, Galata, Mudanya, Princes' Islands
Casualties4,000

The 1766 Istanbul earthquake was a strong

Constantinople (now known in English under its Turkish name, Istanbul) because of a rupture of the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmara region.[4][5]

Geology

The

Izmit from the Izmit Fault to the Ganos Fault. Inside the Sea of Marmara there is a smaller pull-apart basin, named the North Marmara fault System ("NMFS"), which connect the three submarine basins (from W to E: Tekirdağ, Central and Çınarcık) with the Izmit and Ganos Fault (both inland).[6] Near Istanbul the northern side of the NMFS pull-apart coincides with the northern branch of the NAF and is a single main fault segment with a sharp bend.[6] To the west, the fault trends W-E and is pure strike-slip in type. To the east, the fault is NW-SE trending and shows evidence of both normal and strike-slip motion.[6]

In 1766, the rupture of the fault happened either under the

Gulf of Izmit, although this had been produced by a submarine landslide.[7] The 1766 event has been the last one caused by a rupture of the NAF in the Marmara region;[4] successive large events which caused extensive damage in Istanbul, like the earthquake of 10 July 1894 (with epicenter in the gulf of Izmit) and that of 9 August 1912 (with epicenter NW of Marmara Island), have to be considered isolated events caused by the non uniform stress relief during the 18th century earthquake sequence, to which the 1766 event belongs.[4] Since the second last major event with an epicenter in the Istanbul region occurred in 1509, a recurrence interval of 200–250 years has been hypothesized.[8]

Characteristics

The earthquake began half an hour after sunrise, at 5:10 a.m. on May 22, 1766, which was the third day of the

Kurban Bairam.[9] The first shock, accompanied by a loud roar, lasted two minutes:[9] it was followed by a less intense shock lasting four minutes, and aftershocks continued for eight minutes.[9] In the following weeks there were also several aftershocks, and the duration of the whole sequence amounted to one year.[10] Mathematical models of this event using Coulomb stress transfer are consistent with a fault rupture whose length ranges from 70 to 120 km (43 to 75 mi).[4]

The earthquake was felt as far away as Aydın, Thessaloniki, on Mount Athos, Aytos in eastern Bulgaria and along the west coast of the Black Sea.[10] This earthquake was compared to the catastrophic one in Lisbon, which occurred 11 years earlier.[11]

Damage

The Fatih mosque and its complex (here in 1559 in a drawing of Melchior Lorck) were destroyed in 1766

The estimated area of significant damage (greater than the

Kâğıthane, was damaged, and in Istanbul the vault of an underground cistern subsided.[10]

In Istanbul, most of the

Kariye Mosque was also seriously damaged,[21] but the mosque of Ayasofya survived instead almost unharmed.[22][23]

The

Bosphorus region;[4]
the flood was also strong on the shores of Galata and Mudanya, while some small islands in the Marmara Sea were partially submerged.

Casualties

The number of deaths was estimated at 4,000,[4][10] of which 880 were in Istanbul.[4]

August earthquake

See also: 1766 Marmara earthquake

In August of the same year, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck the Dardanelles region. On that occasion the damage in Istanbul was slight.[13]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x
    .
  2. ^
    doi:10.1785/0120000305
    .
  3. ^ Erhan Afyioncu (20 August 2017). "Istanbul'un son buyuk depremi". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  4. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03580.x
    . Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  5. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.028
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 49553634
    . Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  7. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.006
    . Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  8. PMID 23778720
    .
  9. ^ a b c Erhan Afyouncu (26 September 2018). "Istanbul's nightmare: A timeline of earthquakes that shook the city". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  10. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00188.x
    . Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  11. ^ Şevket Erşan (2–4 December 2015). A Comparative Evaluation of the Results of Two Earthquakes: Istanbul and Lisbon Earthquake in 18th Century. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Historic Earthquake-Resistant Timber Frames in the Mediterranean Region – H.Ea.R.T.2015. LNEC, Portugal. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  12. ^
    doi:10.1029/2003JB002667
    . Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  13. ^
    S2CID 8409966
    . Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  14. PMID 31285439
    .
  15. ^
    ISBN 9781316048184
    . Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  16. ^ Korai Kamaci (19 October 2015). "Osmanlı Devlet'inde Depremler ve 1509 Büyük Depremi". Istiklal (in Turkish). Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  17. ^ Müller-Wiener 1977, p. 388.
  18. ^ Müller-Wiener 1977, p. 441.
  19. ^ Müller-Wiener 1977, p. 467.
  20. ^ Müller-Wiener 1977, p. 407.
  21. ^ Müller-Wiener 1977, p. 162.
  22. ^ Müller-Wiener 1977, p. 93.
  23. ^ "Damage to domes, minarets and historical structures" (PDF). Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  24. ^ Müller-Wiener 1977, p. 341.
  25. ^ Müller-Wiener 1977, p. 346.
  26. OCLC 28196009
    .

Sources
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