AMPRNet
The AMPRNet (AMateur Packet Radio Network) or Network 44 is used in
Protocol
Beginning on 1 May 1978, the Canadian authorities allowed radio amateurs on the 1.25-meter band (220 MHz) to use packet radio, and later in 1978 announced the "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate".[2][3] Discussion on
By 1988, one thousand assignments of address space had been made.[5] As of December 2009[update] approximately 1% of inbound traffic volume to the 44/8 network was legitimate
History and design
The use of the Internet protocols
Originally the amateur link layer protocol
The AMPRNet is connected by wireless links and
The AMPRNet is composed of a series of
Geographically dispersed radio subnets can be connected using an IP tunnel between sites with Internet connectivity. Many of these sites also have a tunnel to a central router, which routes between the 44 network and the rest of the Internet using static routing tables updated by volunteers.
As of October 2011[update] experimentation had moved beyond these centrally controlled static solutions, to dynamic configurations provided by Peer to Peer VPN systems such as n2n, and ZeroTier.
Address administration
The allocation plan agreed in late-1986 reserved half of the address space (44.0/9 or ~8 million addresses) for use within United States territory and (44.128/9, the remaining ~8 million addresses) for the rest of the world.[10]
After the sale of 44.192.0.0/10 in 2019, the remaining
mirrorshades router
Since the 1990s most packets within the 44/8 range were arranged to transit via an IP tunnel using IP in IP encapsulation to/from a router hosted at the University of California, San Diego.[13] This forwarding router was originally named mirrorshades.ucsd.edu
[13] and later gw.ampr.org
[14] or "AmprGW".[11][14][15][16]
By 1996 higher-speed
By 19 August 1999 daily encapsulated
mirrorshades
server was upgraded and replaced after about ~1,100 days uptime.[21]
A funding proposal in 2010 raised the possibility that "The legitimate traffic is also a potential research resource".[1]
UCSD Network Telescope
Beginning in February 2001,[1][22][23][24] as part of backscatter research and the CAIDA/UCSD network telescope project, the whole of the 44/8 address block[25] was being advertised via the
Capture data for August 2001, using data compression and retaining only IP headers was 0.5 gigabyte per hour.[33] In 2002 the block was 0.4% of all internet IPv4 address space.[34] By September 2003, traffic was 0.75
seaport.caida.org
was the network telescope data capture server with thor.caida.org
used for near real-time data access.[25][37][38]
As of 2016[update], the 44/8 network was receiving backscatter from Support was supplied by
Feed
In May 2017, the
By July 2018, the replacement 10 Gigabit Ethernet infrastructure, using an optical splitter and Endace capture card, was operational.[43]
Archives
The archived intermittent captures for 2001‒2008 were 657 gigabytes.[44] The archived
For the 2012‒2017 period, 2.85
Users of the collected data up to 2012 are requested to
Block size
The original
Owing to IPv4 address exhaustion, by 2016 the 44/8 block was worth over $100 million.[8] The 44/8
On 18 July 2019, the designation recorded by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority was altered from "044/8 Amateur Radio Digital Communications"[52] to "044/8 Administered by ARIN".[53] On 18 July 2019, there was a sale of 44.192.0.0/10 address space to Amazon Technologies Inc, which was the highest bidder,[49] for use by Amazon Web Services.[54] AMPRNet subsequently consisted of 44.0/9, and 44.128/10,[55] with no plans to sell any more address space.[56]
The aspiration expressed by those involved in the sale was that money be held by a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization for the advancement of amateur radio.[57] The sale raised over $50 million.[56] Prior to sale, addresses in the 44.192/10 block had been allocated to amateur radio areas for the outer space-amateur radio satellite service,[58][59][60] to roaming,[60] Oceania,[58][59][60] Antarctica,[58][59][60] the Arctic,[58][59][60] Italy for Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche (CisarNet)[61][62] Germany for Stuttgart/Tübingen,[63] Eppstein,[63] plus the Germany/pan-European Highspeed Amateur-radio Multimedia NETwork [de] (HAMNET).[62][64][65]
Responses
Paul Vixie stated after the sale of IP address space that "ampr.org can make better use of money than IP space in fulfilling its nonprofit mission, at this stage of the game."[66]
Doug Barton, a former manager of Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, said the "reaction that we're seeing now is 100% predictable ... that doesn't change anything about my opinion that the sale itself was totally reasonable, done by reasonable people, and in keeping with the concept of being good stewards of the space.[67]
Governance
Initial committee
An Amateur Radio Digital Communications committee was formed to offer advice on digital standards to the
In September 1987, the committee recommended the list of frequencies that would be used in North America for packet radio and digital communications.[70] In January 1988, the committee held a meeting to standardise AX.25 version 3.[71] In March 1988, the "Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations" were published by the committee.[72]
During early 1993 the committee and ARRL board of directors were working on guidelines for semi-automatic digital stations, with the proposals passed to the Federal Communications Commission.[73]
Non-profit transition
Year | US$, assets at end of year |
---|---|
2012[a] | 456($-842 equity)
|
2013[b] | 830($-1,584 equity)
|
2014[c] | 6,399($3,700 equity)
|
2015[d] | 6,567($3,558 equity)
|
2016[e][f] | 6,717($3,708 equity)
|
2017[f] | 2,621($1,731 equity)
|
2018[g] | 13,829($-7,855 equity)
|
2019[h] | 109,130,548
|
2020[i] | 127,858,353
|
2021[j] | 135,676,708
|
2022[k] | 107,895,897
|
On 6 October 2011 a Californian non-profit company was founded with the name of "Amateur Radio Digital Communications", and recorded by the
- Brian Kantor
- President[75]: 5 or Chief Executive Officer[76][77]
- Erin Kenneally
- Secretary[75]: 5 [76][77]
- Kimberly Claffy
- Treasurer[75]: 5 or Chief Financial Officer[76][77]
In 2011, the American Registry for Internet Numbers approved a request to change the registration of the whole 44/8 network block from an individual contact, to the "Amateur Radio Digital Communications" non-profit company.[78]
Activities were to "conserve scarce AMPRNet Internet protocol resources, and to educate
During December 2017 Kantor announced his
Re-stated (changed)Brian Kantor died in November 2019. In February/March 2020, the Center for Networked Systems (CNS) of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) received $225,000, given by ARDC to allow financial endowment of a student scholarship in the name of Alan Turing and honouring Brian Kantor.[82]
Distributions
In May 2021, ARDC provided a one-off grant of $1.6 million to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology amateur radio club (W1MX) to save and rebuild the radome on top of the MIT Green Building (building 54).[83]
In November 2021, ARDC awarded a five-year grant, for a total of $1.3 million, to support US-based activities around Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS-USA).[84]
Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications
In January 2022, the Internet Archive received a grant of $0.9 million for assembling a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications (DLARC).[85] Internet Archive began the project in earnest in September 2022, and began seeking contributions of material in October. [86] By November, 2022 the library had grown to 25,000 items. [87] In January 2023 the library held over 51,000 items including more than 3,300 books and magazines available via controlled digital lending.[88]
Other ARDC grants
An updated list of ARDC grants is maintained on their website at [1]. Information on applying for a grant is at [2].
See also
References
- ^ UCSD telescope since 2001 ... ensure active life of the UCSD Network telescope until at least the end of 2013. ... expand our telescope instrumentation to enable researchers to exploit this unique global data source ... uses a /8 mostly "dark" (unassigned) network prefix]] ... and has only a few assigned addresses. We separate the legitimate traffic destined to those few reachable IP addresses, and monitor only the traffic destined to the empty address space. ... the network's border router separates the legitimate traffic arriving at the telescope network (typically less than 1% of the total traffic volume) and forwards only non-legitimate traffic for monitoring and storage ... As of December 2009, the network telescope captures in the range of 2GB up to and exceeding 100GB of compressed trace data per day. ... The legitimate traffic is also a potential research resource, ... participates in DHS's Protected REpository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats (PREDICT) project, ... for annotating and indexing telescope data
- ^ Rouleau, Robert T. (December 1978). Green, Wayne (ed.). "The Packet Radio Revolution". 73 Amateur Radio Today. pp. 183, 184.
the Canadian authorities announced the creation of a new "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate" ... On [1978-05-01], the Montreal Amateur Radio Club sent the first amateur packets. ... Canada is the only country which is permitting amateurs to experiment with packet.
- Canadian Amateur Radio Federation (December 1978). Green, Wayne (ed.). "Doc publishes details of new "no-code" "digital" certificate". 73 Amateur Radio Today. p. 278.
known up to now as the "experimenter's" certificate and "packet radio," were made public on [1978-09-14]. These changes came into effect [1978-09-30]. Holders of the new ticket, now called the "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate," will be permitted operation on two meters and above using various modes of operation. ... Packet radio will be permitted to all three classes in certain parts of the 220-MHz band.
- ARPA's Internet Protocol?
- ^ Garbee, Bdale (1 October 1988). More and Faster Bits: A Look At Packet Radio's Future (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. American Radio Relay League. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
One rough estimate is the number of Internet addresses that have been assigned from the "network 44" block for amateur packet radio: about 1,000 amateurs in several dozen countries.
- ^ Goodwins, Rupert (19 June 2016). "When everything else fails, amateur radio will still be there—and thriving". Ars Technica.
Ham is now a full-fat fabric that can provide Internet access. Why aren't you using it? ... Take the European HAMNET, ... four-thousand-node high speed data network covering a large part of continental Europe and providing full IP connectivity at megabit speeds. It connects to the Internet—ham radio owns 16 million IPV4 addresses ...
- ^ a b c Postel, Jon; Network Working Group (September 1981). Assigned Numbers (Report). Request for Comments 790. pp. 1, 14.
044.rrr.rrr.rrr ... AMPRNET ... Amature Radio Experiment Net [HM] ... [HM] Hank Magnuski
- ^ a b c Fields, Bryan (13 October 2017). "IPv4 History" (PDF). IPv6 In Amateur Radio HamWAN Tampa Bay. p. 6.
On [1983-01-01] Flag Day took place, NCP was shut off, IP turned on. ... Hams get 44/8 thanks to Hank Magnuski, KA6M – Circa 1981 ... Legacy assigned IP space commands a premium. 44/8 is one of these blocks ... 44/8 is worth >100M USD now! ... 2016
- ^ Bernard Pidoux. "Linux FPAC mini-HOWTO". Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ Linstruth, Wally (12 November 1986). "IP addressing". Archived from the original on 2 September 2018.
current IP address assignments which I have offered to coordinate. The proposed scheme has been reviewed by Phil Karn, Bdale Garbee and (verbally with) Mike Chepponis, all of whom have encouraged that it be used. ... Bit 8 to be 0 for USA stations and 1 for non-USA stations. ... meant to provide a very quick means for segregating FCC controlled participants from non-FCC stations. ... 8 million plus addresses ought to last the US amateur population for some time to come.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ A record for a tunneled amprnet destination host, the traffic is not forwarded ... In mid-2019, we sold one quarter (abount [sic] 4 million) of those addresses (a /10) to obtain funds to support our philanthropic arm.
- ^ AMPRNet Portal
- ^ a b Sloman, Jeffrey (February 1994). Green, Wayne (ed.). "Packet & Computers" (PDF). 73 Amateur Radio Today. No. 401. p. 72.
Amateur addresses always start with 44. This is the address for the domain AMPR.org; the name 'ampr.org' amps to the addresses that lie in the 44.x.x.x address space ... All amateur addresses assigned by IP coordinators are sent to a host at the University of California at San Diego called 'mirrorshades.ucsd.edu' ... acts as a router. This means that any time there is traffic anywhere on the Internet that starts with 44, it is sent to 'mirrorshades', which looks at the address and sends it on its way to the correct gateway.
- ^ )
- ^ Kantor, Brian (27 May 2017). "Amprgw". AMPRNet Wiki. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
AMPRGW is
amprgw.ucsd.edu
, at IP address 169.228.34.84. It is the Internet-to-AMPRNet router. - ^ RAIDed disk and dual power supplies, although unlike the current)
amprgw
, it won't be on a UPS. ... new building ... the gateway will have a new address ... Instead of ... 'amprgw.sysnet.ucsd.edu
' as the current one on address 169.228.66.251 ... will be 'amprgw.ucsd.edu
' (no 'sysnet
' in the name), [...] address 169.228.34.84.{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link - 56K system. ... being around Phil Karn, KA9Q, who invented Amateur Radio TCP/IP (with a lot of help)
- ^ "Quickstart". AMPRNet Wiki.
Note that the main tunnel router at UCSD will NOT pass traffic to an IP address unless that address is associated with a hostname in the ampr.org DNS domain.
- CAIDA; San Diego Supercomputer Center; University of California San Diego (October 1999). Workload char.: protocol. ACM Internet Measurement Conference. State of DeUnion.Min: 0.00 M; Avg: 0.01 M; 0.014 M. generated
[1999-08-19], ucsd-cerfnet. ... Protocol Breakdown ‒ 1 day IPENCAP
- ^ Claffy, Kimberly; Gehrke, Lynnelle; University of California, San Diego (31 October 2000). For the period 01 July 2000 to 30 September 2000. Predictability and Security of High Performance Networks (Report). Archived from the original (Recipient's progress status and management report) on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
For the period 01 July 2000 to 30 September 2000 ... Report #9 ... Contract N66001-98-2-8922 ... October 31, 2000 ... CERFnet link data is also of limited use in gathering raw IP addresses, mostly due to UCSD's hosting a packet radio service for which an entire class A address segment (44.0.0.0/8) is allocated, a total of 16M addresses. Many of those are assigned on a temporary (per session) basis. For example, the data from CERF link for the three weekend days between 23–25 June 2000 contained 1.47 million IPs. Of those, 1.17 million were not found in sources processed before [2000-06-23]. Nonetheless, only 162,669 (17%) of them begin with a number other than 44. ... Contract #: N66001-98-2-8922 ... Contract Period of Performance: [1998-07-16] to [2001-07-15]; Ceiling Value: $6,655,449
- Brian has shown an interest in perhaps using something like openvpnif there is enough interest.
- ^ Moore, David (21 May 2001). "UCSD Researchers Analyze Prevalence and Patterns of Worldwide Denial-of-Service Attacks on the Internet" (Press release). San Diego Supercomputer Center.
new technique called "backscatter analysis" ... Brian Kantor and Jim Madden of UCSD provided access to key network resources and clarified the local network topology.
- pps ... In July [2001], David Moore used the same technique to track the Code Red Worm ... our /8 (our looking glass)
- ^ TBper month) ... As of end of 2016
- ^ Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate. pp. iii, 2, 3, 7.
- Sep 2012 – Dec 2017 ... Grant number: FA8750-12-2-0326 ... engaged in PB
- Sep 2012 – Dec 2017 ... Grant number: FA8750-12-2-0326 ... engaged in
- ^ passively monitoring data as it is forwarded through a shared hub. ... monitored the sole ingress link into a lightly utilized /8 network (comprising 224 distinct IP addresses, or 1/256 of the total Internet address space). ... configured to capture all Ethernet traffic ... grateful to Brian Kantor and Jim Madden of UCSD who provided access to key network resources ... kc claffy and Colleen Shannon at CAIDA provided support ... DARPA NGI Contract N66001-98-2-8922, NSFgrant NCR-9711092
- ^ "Researchers focus on Net attacks with network telescope". Computer Weekly. 12 August 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
A "network telescope" operated by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), in San Diego, has gathered statistics about DoS attacks and the 2001 Code Red and Code Red 2 worm attacks ... a large block of IP (Internet protocol) addresses at the University of California at San Diego, a block so big that it makes up some 0.4% of the world's addresses.
- ISBN 9783540319665.)
Support for this work is provided by DARPA NMS Contract darpa N66001-01-1-8909, NSF Award NCR-9711092 'CAIDA: Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis,' and the University of Auckland.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help - )
- Caidamembers.
- ^ Cisco Systems.
- ^ Hohlfeld, Oliver [@ohohlfeld] (20 July 2019). "One additional aspect that is of relevance to the Internet measurement community: 44/8 is used by the @caidaorg internet telescope for long. The unused space in 44/8 is thus of high value to research" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Moore, David; Voelker, Geoffrey M.; Savage, Stefan (4 December 2002). "Quantitative Network Security Analysis" (PDF). Project Summary. p. 6,16,17.
we were able to monitor the sole ingress link into a lightly-utilized /8 network ... the local monitoring we employ can be used to accurately infer global large-scale activity. However, our infrastructure is unique and fixed ... Raw, unencoded trace data will be kept on CAIDA machines ... Due to their experience and trust by the community, CAIDA staff will manage the collection, storage and anonymization of data. ...during August 2001, collecting only packet header data for Code-Red probes to our network telescope resulted in 0.5GB of compressed raw data per hour.
- CAIDA monitors traffic directed toward any one of a large block of IP (Internet protocol) addresses at the University of California at San Diego, a block so big that it makes up some 0.4% of the world's addresses.
- ^ CAIDAmembers
- ^ Gbps... April 2009 ... removal of an upstream rate limit filter on incoming packets
- ^ Polterock, Josh (21 December 2012). CAIDA Data Hosting and Provisioning Infrastructure for PREDICT (PDF). Hosting Infrastructure Description (Report). Supporting Research and Development of Security Technologies through Network and Security Data Collection. p. 2,3.
thor.caida.org
... acts both as the primary data server and the primary analysis machine for the UCSD Network Telescope data. ... 150 TB allocation of HPSS tape resources at the NERSC facility where we archive our historical UCSD Network Telescope (darknet) data. As of the end of 2012, we have used approximately 105TB of this allocation. ... Data Capture Server: Telescope Data:seaport.caida.org
- ^ drives)
- packets per second
- Cisco, allowed the collection of this unique dataset.
- ^ a b Kantor, Brian; Department of Computer Science; University of California San Diego (July 2011). "A Brief Look at Internet Networking Over Amateur Radio" (PDF). Amateur Radio Digital Communications. p. 3. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
... provision to allow packets addressed to AMPRNet gateways to be forwarded one-way from the Internet, ... supports an academic cybersecurity research project (funded by the National Science Foundation and the Deparment [sic] of Homeland Security) which relies on routing to the AMPRNet address space through the forwarder.
- ^ "Award#1059439 - II-EN: A Real-Time Lens into Dark Space of the Internet". Award Search. National Science Foundation. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
Award Number: 1059439; Start Date: [2011-07-01]; End Date: [2014-06-30] (Estimated); Awarded Amount to Date: $532,000.00; Investigator(s): Kimberly Claffy ... caida.org (Principal Investigator); Sponsor: University of California-San Diego ... CAIDA researchers are expanding their telescope instrumentation
- TB per month ... Data from additional telescopes coming soon: Merit Networks; Politecnico di Torino, Italy; UFMG, Brazil ... Internet ... 10G ... X.0.0.0/8 Darknet ... Optical Splitter ... NP-Router ... DAG Capture Card ... Multicast VLAN
- Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis. "CAIDA UCSD Network Telescope Traffic Samples". North Carolina: IMPACT Cyber Trust.
Collection Starting [2001-02-01]; Collection Ending [2008-11-19]. Samples of Internet Background Radiation traffic ... unidirectional, unsolicited traffic ... Size 656.6GB
- ^ TB(uncompressed)
- acknowledgmentssection: ...
- class A block... was assigned specifically for use via amateur radio.
- ^ ARDC Board of Directors (18 July 2019). "AMPRNet Address Sale". Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
The sale amounts to some millions of dollars, which will be used in the furtherance of ARDC's continuing public benefit purpose. ... The uppermost 1/4 of the former AMPRNet address space (44.192.0.0/10) has been ... sold to another owner ... over 12 million IPv4 addresses remain
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b Kantor, Brian; Karn, Phil; Claffy, K. C.; Gilmore, John; Magnuski, Hank; Garbee, Bdale; Hansen, Skip; Horne, Bill; Ricketts, John; Traschewski, Jann; Vixie, Paul (20 July 2019). "AMPRNet". ampr.org. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
in mid-2019, a block of approximately four million consecutive AMPRNet addresses denoted as 44.192.0.0/10 was ... sold to the highest qualified bidder at the then current fair market value ... leaves some twelve million addresses
- Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
"44.0.0.0/8" ... last: ... time: 2019-06-04T16:00:00
- ^ Curran, John (19 July 2019). "44/8". NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group.
ARIN did receive and process a request from the 44/8 registrant to transfer a portion of the block to another party. ... we review and confirm: ... source of the transfer is the legal entity which holds the rights ... recipient org has approval per policy to receive an address block of the appropriate size
- ^ "IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
Last Updated 2019-07-02 ... 044/8 Amateur Radio Digital Communications
- ^ "IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
Last Updated 2019-07-18 ... 044/8 Administered by ARIN
- ^ "Network: NET-44-192-0-0-1". ARIN Whois/Registration Data Access Protocol. American Registry for Internet Numbers. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
Address: Amazon Web Services, Inc.
- ^ Abbas, Majdi S. (19 July 2019). "44/8". NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
CIDR: 44.192.0.0/10; NetName: AT-88-Z; Organization: Amazon Technologies Inc. (AT-88-Z); RegDate: 2019-07-18
- ^ a b Kantor, Brian (31 July 2019). Economos, Ron (ed.). "A civil discussion about the future of AMSAT-NA". Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2019 – via QRZ.com Forums.
The at least $50M number has been confirmed by one of the BOD of ARDC. ... Here's the e-mail. ... "NO plan to sell any more of the AMPRNet address space now or at any time in the future." ... we and the negotiators we employed were able to obtain the best sale price available. After months of negotiation, this all went surprisingly quickly from proposals to accomplished fact, in a matter of just a few days. With more than 50 million dollars that now must be spent on promoting amateur radio
- ^ Kantor, Brian; Karn, Phil (19 July 2019). "44.192.0.0/10 sale". NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group.
worthy grant recipients ... to benefit amateur digital radio and related development. ... worldwide activity. ... grants to students who are hams; ... Development of *freely available* technology: hardware, software, protocols, ... good ideas from anyone who has them. ... didn't like the secrecy either, but it was necessary ... Everyone with any arguable legal property interest in 44/8 was fully informed and consented to give up that interest ... I didn't even think twice about it.
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ "ampr.org delega CISAR per la gestione diretta su Internet della rete 44.208/16" [ampr.org delegates CISAR direct management on the Internet of network 44.208/16] (in Italian). Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche (CISAR). 12 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
"License for Directly Routed (CIDR delegated) Subnet: ... address block 44.208.0.0/16 for a period of five years beginning [2012-12-12]
- ^ (Highspeed AMateur-radio NETwork)
- ^ a b Kantor, Brian (11 December 1987). "HOSTS.TXT". hosts.net for all known AMPRNET addresses. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
Revised as of 11 December 1987 ... 44.192.0.0 Stuttgart-Tuebingen-subnet ... 44.198.0.0 Eppstein-subnet
- ^ "Country Networks". AMPRNet. Retrieved 21 July 2019. 44.224.0.0/15 Germany
- ^ Herzig, Gerrit [@DH8GHH] (20 July 2019). "Die ARDC hat einen "mostly unused" Block 44er IP-Adressen an Amazon verkauft, die bisher den Funkamateuren gehörten. Ich darf demnächst 262 Geräten im #HamNet eine neue IP geben, 75 Subnetze ändern und an 24 Standorten das Routing neu aufsetzen ohne mich dabei auszusperren..." [The ARDC has sold a "mostly unused" block of 44-IP addresses to Amazon, which previously belonged to the radio amateurs. In the near future must give a new IP address to 262 devices in #HamNet, change 75 subnets and re-establish the routing in 24 locations without locking myself out...] (Tweet) (in German) – via Twitter.
- ^ Vixie, Paul [@paulvixie] (20 July 2019). "i am ok with this. ampr.org can make better use of money than ip space in fulfilling its nonprofit mission, at this stage of the game" (Tweet). Retrieved 22 July 2019 – via Twitter.
- ^ Barton, Doug (27 July 2019). "44/8" (email). NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group.
I was GM of the IANA in the early 2000s, I held a tech license from 1994 through 2004 ... if any of my friends had asked me how I thought news of this sale should have been handled, I would have told them that this reaction that we're seeing now is 100% predictable, and while it could never be eliminated entirely it could be limited in scope and ferocity by getting ahead of the message. At minimum when the transfer occurred. But that doesn't change anything about my opinion that the sale itself was totally reasonable, done by reasonable people, and in keeping with the concept of being good stewards of the space."
- Amateur Radio Service." President Dannals and the next ARRL President, Vic Clark, soon completed the formation of the ARRL Ad Hoc Committee on Digital Communication. The "Digital Committee" advises the ARRL Board of Directors on matters concerning digtial communications ... Committee members: Paul Rinaldo, W4RI (Chairman); Dennis Connors KD2S; Terry Fox, WB4JFI; Doug Lockhart, VE7APU; Wally Linstruth, WA6JPR; Dr. Henry S. Magnuski, KA6M; Paul Newland, AD7I; Eric Scace, K3NA.
- standards committee. Anyone may attend these meetings: one of them each year is held at the Networking Conference.
- ISSN 0033-4812.
- ^ Williamson, Paul (December 1987). "Tidbits from the current events file" (PDF). Scope. Vol. 12, no. 12. p. 14.
A subcommittee of the ARRL Digital Committee will be meeting in January [1988] in Washington, D.C. to consider proposals for Version 3 of the AX.25 Level 2 protocol standard.
- ISSN 0033-4812.
- ^ ARRL Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communications (28 March 1993). Preliminary Report to the ARRL Board of Directors (PDF) (Report). Federal Communications Commission. pp. 2, 7, 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
supplemental comments by The American Digital Radio Society ... a preliminary report to the ARRL's Board of Directors was issued by the ARRL committee on amateur radio digital communications. ... At the January 1993 meeting the ARRL Board of Directors directed this Committee ... ARRL develop, through the Digital Committee and the digital community, guidelines and standards for semi-automatic digital stations
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Anonymous. Articles of Incorporation. Business Entities (Report). Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
The name of this corporation is: Amateur Radio Digital Communications ... Article 2 ... specific purposes ... to support, maintain, preserve and enhance the mission of the Amateur Packet Radio Network. ... shared vision of expanding the Amateur Radio Digital Communications network. ... initial agent for service of process is: 001 Northwest Registered Agent, Inc. #C3184722
- ^ a b c d e f Kantor, Brian (22 June 2012). 321515 ... Amateur Radio Digital Communications (2011 Form 3500) (Report). Exemption Application. pp. 3, 5.
Brian Kantor: President; Kimberly Claffy: Treasurer; Erin Kenneally: Secretary
- ^ California Secretary of State. Archived from the originalon 24 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
California Corporate Number: C3421515 ... Chief Executive Officer: Brian Kantor ... Secretary: Erin Kenneally ... Chief Financial Officer: Kimberly Claffy
- ^ California Secretary of State. Archived from the originalon 24 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
Filed [2017-09-22] ... California Corporate Number: C3421515 ... Chief Executive Officer: Brian Kantor ... Secretary: Erin Kenneally ... Chief Financial Officer: Kimberly Claffy
- ^ Curran, John (22 July 2019). "44/8". NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group.
In the case of AMRPNET, in 2011 ARIN did approve update of the registration to a public benefit not-for-profit at the request of the registered contact.
- UCSD, after 46 years on campus ... I'm CEO of a small non-profit, Amateur Radio Digital Communications
- ^
- ^ Kantor, Brian; Meyer, Marianna (17 May 2019). Non-binding Memorandum of Understanding between the Regents of the University of California, San Diego and Amateur Radio Digital Communications (contract). pp. 1‒4.
...for mutually beneficial programs, projects, data products and activities. ... It is now the address space 44.0.0.0 through 44.191.255.255 ... ARDC is the owner of the AMPRNet. UCSD has no ownership or right of control over this address space. ... a "Dark Net" to observe specific types of Internet traffic. Since the mid-1980's, UCSD has provided colocation services for the AMPRNet for ARDC, so that in a continuing manner, UCSD's CAIDA Research group may observe, collect, and analyze the AMPRNet traffic. ... cause AMPRNet traffic from the global Internet to be routed to UCSD for study. ... UCSD shall: Operate network hardware and software to provide colocation services for the AMPRNet TCP/IP networks for Amateur Radio on UCSD infrastructure. ... Collaborator shall: Agree to allow UCSD to collect, filter and curate data destined for the AMPRNet network for the purposes of network research and responsible data sharing with the network and security research communities. ... effective through [July 31, 2023] at which time it will expire unless extended.
- ^ "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Completes Turing Scholarship Endowment". News. Center for Networked Systems. University of California, San Diego. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
following a $225,533 donation from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) association, the Alan Turing Memorial Scholarship is now fully endowed. ... gift honors former UC San Diego Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) employee and ARDC founder Brian Kantor, who died unexpectedly in November 2019.
- ^ Hooper, Milo (7 May 2021). "Update on Radome Project". Capital Campaign. W1MX. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
extremely generous donation of $1.6M by Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) as well as donations and support from you - our alumni, members of the MIT community, and friends of amateur radio.
- ^ "ARISS Receives Generous ARDC Grant for ARISS STEREO Education Project". ARRL News. American Radio Relay League. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- ^ "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue". News. American Radio Relay League. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
a nearly $900,000 award that will permit the Internet Archive to build the Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications (DLARC)
- ^ "Internet Archive Seeks Donations of Materials to Build a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications | Internet Archive Blogs". 4 October 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ "Internet Archive Seeks Donations of Materials to Build a Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications | Internet Archive Blogs". 4 October 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ kaysavetz (24 January 2023). "Archive for Amateur Radio Grows to 51,000 Items | Internet Archive Blogs". Retrieved 12 August 2023.
Financial
- ^ Statement of Financial Position 2012 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 January 2013. p. 1.
- ^ Statement of Financial Position 2013 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 April 2014. p. 1.
- ^ Statement of Financial Position 2014 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 June 2015. p. 1.
- ^ Statement of Financial Position 2015 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 31 March 2016. p. 1.
- ^ Statement of Financial Income and Expense 2016 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 10 March 2017. p. 1.
- ^ a b Statement of Financial Position 2017 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 1 April 2018. p. 2.
- ^ Statement of Financial Position 2018 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 8 January 2019. p. 2.
- ^ Financial Statements (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 4 September 2020. pp. 4, 11 – via California Register of Charities.
Total Assets: $109,130,548 ... block of 16,777,216 internet protocol (IPv4) addresses ... acquired in 1981 at no charge ... At the time of receipt, there was no discernible market value for the IPv4 addresses and, accordingly, they are carried at no value on ARDC's statement of financial position. ... In 2019, ARDC elected to sell, on a one-time basis, one quarter of its IPv4 addresses to a large internet company, yielding $109,051,904 of proceeds ... net of a broker commission of $545,260. ... ARDC intends to use the proceeds of the sale for grant making and other activity to support the fields of amateur radio and digital communications ... designated the proceeds of the sale as a board designated endowment.
- ^ Statements of Financial Position (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 6 October 2021. pp. 4, 5. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions: Beginning of year [2020]: $109,130,548 End of year [2020]: $127,858,353 … Effective, [2021-01-01], ARDC operates as a private foundation subject to an excise tax on net investment income
- ^ Statements of Financial Position (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 25 January 2023. p. 2. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
"Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions: 135,676,708
- ^ Statements of Financial Position (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 June 2023. p. 2. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
"Total assets: 107,895,897
Further reading
1980s
- Kantor, Brian (24 August 1984). "Packet Radio Networking Proposal". Net.ham-radio Newsgroup. Los Angeles Amateur Packet Radio Group meeting: QSL.net. Archived from the original on 26 August 1984 – via Steve Lampereur. Network Information Center as network number 044.xxx.xxx.xxx AMPRNET)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link - Ward, Jeffrey W., ed. (25 September 1984). "Packet-Radio networking". Gateway: The ARRL Packet-Radio Newsletter. Vol. 1, no. 4.
The datagram protocol being advanced for amateur packet radio is the
MHz. - AMSAT in October 1982, approved a modified form of X.25 ... protocol, AX.25 (for "Amateur X.25") Level 2 ... expansion of the address field to include the amateur radio call signsof both the source and destination
- Kloth, Ralf D. (1988). "TCP-group". Ancient TCP-group discussion list archives. 1988‒1995, partial. Archived from the original on 31 March 2005.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Karn, Phil (1 October 1988). Amateur TCP/IP: An Update (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. American Radio Relay League. pp. 115‒121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
- Fox, Terry (1 October 1988). Proposed AX.25 Level 2 Version 2.0 Changes (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. American Radio Relay League. p. 58.
These changes have been collected by this author from various sources, and were recommended by a working group of the ARRL Digital Committee which met in July of 1988.
- Scace, Eric L. (1 October 1988). Overview of ARRL Digital Committee Proposals for Enhancing the AX.25 Protocols into Revision 2.1 (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. American Radio Relay League. p. 150.
A working group within the ARRL Digital Committee has been evaluating enhancements and other proposals for improving AX.25.
1990s
- TCP/IP. ... If you've never seen 56 kbit/s transfer, you're missing something.
- Kantor, Brian (May 1991). "RFC 1226: Internet Protocol Encapsulation of AX.25 Frames". Request for Comments.
encapsulation of AX.25 (the Amateur Packet-Radio Link-Layer Protocol) frames within IP packets. ... AX.25 Amateur Packet-Radio Link-Layer Protocol Version 2.0 October 1984.
- Simpson, William Allen (October 1995). "RFC 1853: IP in IP Tunneling". Request for Comments.
implementation techniques used for many years by the Amateur Packet Radio network for joining a large mobile network,
2000s
- Moore, David; Savage, Stefan; Voelker, Geoff (21 May 2001). Estimating Global Denial-of-Service Activity. North American Network Operators' Group 22.
Moore, David; Savage, Stefan; Voelker, Geoff (21 May 2001). Estimating Global Denial-of-Service Activity. TeamNANOG. Archived from the original (video) on 16 October 2020 – via Youtube. - VerDuin, Skip; Karn, Phil; van der Grinten, Gerard (24 August 2006). "JNOS-2" (software manual). p. 106,107.
Gone are the days where it was easy to pass 44 traffic over the internet, or where IPIP was a protocol that saw little hinderance [sic]. ... IPUDP ... in the process of actively getting the mirrorshades system to support this new protocol, so that IPUDP can be considered a formal gateway to which mirrorshades will route direct to as it does with IPIP,
- Moore, David; ISSN 1540-7993.
- Mitchell, Roderick D. (May 2007). The Integration of Amateur Radio and 802.11 (PDF). TAPR and ARRL 26th Digital Communications Conference 2007 Proceedings. pp. 27‒29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- Packet Radio Fundamentals. )
2010s
- Kantor, Brian (14 January 2010). Vodall, William (ed.). "44 net - some explanations". 44 net mailing list. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019 – via Seattle Amateur Packet Radio mailing list (SeaTCP).
both
class-B blocksselling for half a million dollars or more, could you trust everyone who got one not to sell it to the highest bidder? - )
- Kantor, Brian (July 2011). "A Brief Look at Internet Networking Over Amateur Radio" (PDF). p. 3.
limited provision to allow packets addressed to AMPRNet gateways to be forwarded one-way from the Internet ... supports an academic cybersecurity research project (funded by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Homeland Security) which relies on routing to the AMPRNet address space through the forwarder.
- Brownlee, Nevil (March 2012). One-way Traffic Monitoring with iatmon (PDF). Passive and Active Network Measurement Workshop.
UCSD network telescope: over the first half of 2011. ... uses a /8 network prefix, most of which is dark. An upstream router filters out the legitimate traffic to the reachable IP addresses in this space, so we monitor only traffic destined to empty address space. ... large volume of data captured ... UCSD network telescope remains a purely passive observer of unsolicited traffic. We do not rule out active response by the telescope in the future, but active responding requires resources and careful navigation of legal and ethical issues. ... collects full-packet traces continuously. These traces are stored online for at least sixty days, ... In 2002, when CAIDA began analyzing telescope data ... As of June 2011, we see 6 to 9 GB/h of one-way traffic, ... About 30% of the packets that reached the UCSD telescope in the first half of 2011 were
TCP SYNs - "April 2012 aggregate based on protocol and destination port" (10MB FlowTuple). Analysis of Unidirectional IP Traffic to Darkspace. The CAIDA UCSD Network Telescope Educational Dataset.
# CORSARO_INTERVAL_START 0 1333238400
0.0.0.0|44.0.0.0|0|0|0|0|0x00|0,3443 - Dainotti, Alberto; King, Alistair; Claffy, Kimberly (21 October 2012). Analysis of Internet-wide Probing using Darknets. Building Analysis Datasets and Gathering Experience Returns for Security (BADGERS '12). TBof data every month. ... developing an extensible tool, Corsaro, to efficiently analyze data collected
- Dainotti, Alberto; King, Alistair; Claffy, Kimberly; Papale, Ferdinando; Pescapè, Antonio (9 December 2012). Analysis of an Internet-wide Stealth Scan from a Botnet (diagram). USENIX LISA '12. p. 3.
Darknet: The UCSD Network Telescope ... UCSD Network Telescope Darknet xxx.0.0.0/8
Dainotti, Alberto (9 December 2012). Analysis of an Internet-wide Stealth Scan from a Botnet (presentation video). LISA '12. - Ferracci, Laurent (1 April 2013). "Une manne financière inespérée!" [An unexpected financial windfall!] (April Fool'sreport on sale of 44/8) (in French).
- Zseby, Tanja; Iglesias Vázquez, Félix; King, Alistair; Claffy, K. C. (February 2016). "Teaching Network Security With IP Darkspace Data". heterogeneous ... collected at UCSD using an entire /8 network with 224 darkspace addresses, which corresponds to 1/256 part of the whole IPv4 Internet. Access to such a large IP darkspace is rare, because IPv4 addresses are a scarce resource
- Ramsey, Doug (17 August 2017). "Computer Security Experts Honored for Research that Stands the Test of Time". UC San Diego News Center (Press release).
Experimental backscatter collection platform from the 2001 paper honored at
USENIX Security Symposium
2019
- Claburn, Thomas (5 April 2019). "Hams try to re-carve the amateur radio spectrum in fight over open or encoded transmissions". The Register. San Francisco.
might make it harder for innovative services like New Packet Radio to emerge.
- American Radio Relay League (25 July 2019). "Millions of AMPRNet Internet Addresses Sold to Fund Grants and Scholarships". News & Features.
- Takagi, Gene; Neo Law Group (30 July 2019). "Courtesy Notice of Sale of Assets - Amateur Radio Digital Communications". California: Registry of Charitable Trusts. pp. 1, 3. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020.
sale of significant assets ... to Amazon Technologies, Inc. ... one-quarter of ARDC's IP Addresses and is therefore not a sale of substantially all of ARDC's assets ... will be accurately recorded in ARDC's 2019 Form 990, which will be timely submitted to the Registry along with the 2019 Form RRF-1. ... In February 2019, ARDC engaged a ... Internet Address Broker
Alt URL - Prause, Nils (30 July 2019). "Änderungen der HAMNET-IP-Adressen angekündigt" [Changes to HAMNET IP addresses announced]. Interessengemeinschaft Amateurfunk Osnabrück.
Leider ist der vom HAMNET in Deutschland genutzte IP-Adressbereich von der Verkleinerung betroffen, ... jedes einzelne Gerät wird eine neue Adresse bekommen müssen.
- "HAMNET-Umstellung" [HAMNet conversion] (in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft Amateurfunkfernsehen (AGAF). 14 August 2019. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
Die eingenommenen "some millions of dollars" sollen einer gemeinnützigen ... Im verkauften Bereich ist unter anderem das deutsche HAMNET beheimatet. In unmittelbarer Konsequenz funktioniert die
DNS-Server nicht mehr. In absehbarer Zeit müssen sämtliche betroffenen Linkstrecken, Router, Dienste und Endgeräte zu anderen Adressen migriert werden. Die deutsche HAMNET-Koordination arbeitet bereits intensiv an der Planung dieser großen Umzugsmaßnahme. Auf der diesjährigen HAMNET-Tagung in Passausoll ein Konzept vorgestellt werden. - Estévez, Daniel (20–22 September 2019). IPV6 for Amateur Radio (PDF). 38th ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference. Detroit, Michigan (published 30 January 2020).
AMPRNet hands off large sub-blocks to countries, which in turn split their sub-blocks into projects or individuals. All this management is a time consuming process and is prone to disputes. ... IPv4 addresses are by now a very scarce resource, and this large block represents a huge commercial interest.
- Traschewski, Jann; Zimmermann, Egbert; Osterried, Thomas (2 November 2019). "HAMNET IP-Umstellung kann beginnen" [HAMNET IP-changeover can begin]. News. DB0RES (in German). Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
Umzug von IP-Adressen aus dem Bereich 44.224.0.0/15 in das Netz 44.148.0.0/15
2020s
- American Radio Relay League (13 October 2020). ARRL Foundation Presents the 2020 Scholarship Recipients (PDF) (Report). pp. 1‒3. Retrieved 12 April 2021 – via ARDC, Inc.
Additionally, the non-profit Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) has generously awarded The Amateur Radio Digital Communications' Brian H. Kantor, WB6CYT, Memorial Scholarship grant to the ARRL Foundation to match each scholarship on a dollar-for-dollar basis, making the grand total of scholarships awarded $287,300.
- Wolfe, Rosy (6 February 2021). 2020 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. pp. 1‒18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.