Agaricus hondensis

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Agaricus hondensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Agaricus
Species:
A. hondensis
Binomial name
Agaricus hondensis
Murrill
(1912)
Synonyms[2]

Agaricus bivelatoides Murrill (1912)
Agaricus hillii Murrill (1912)
Agaricus macmurphyi Murrill (1912)
Agaricus glaber Zeller (1938)[1]

Agaricus hondensis
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex or flat
Hymenium is free
Stipe has a ring
Spore print is brown to purple-brown
Ecology is
saprotrophic
Edibility is poisonous

Agaricus hondensis, commonly known as the felt-ringed agaricus, is a species of

mixed forests
.

The fungus produces

poisonous, and causes severe gastrointestinal upset if consumed. It has an unpleasant odor similar to phenol or creosote
, and develops a soapy-metallic taste when cooked. Agaricus hondensis can be distinguished from similar Agaricus species by differences in geographic range, habitat, staining reaction, and odor.

Systematics

The species was first

epithet hondensis refers to the type location, La Honda, California.[3] The mushroom is commonly known as the "felt-ringed agaricus".[5]

Agaricus hondensis has traditionally been

classified in the section Xanthodermatei, a grouping of Agaricus species related to A. xanthodermus that are characterized by fruit bodies with phenolic odors, temporary yellowing discolorations in some parts of the fruit body, a negative Schaeffer’s reaction, and toxicity. A molecular analysis has shown that it, along with the related species A. freirei and A. phaeolepidotus, comprise a basal lineage in a clade of related sylvan species that have weak yellowing reactions and some tendencies toward reddish bruising reactions. This lineage is closely related to a group of Agaricus species that are typically placed in the section Sanguinolenti. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that these three species belong to a clade that diverged shortly after the presumed split of the sections Xanthodermatei and Duploannulati.[6]

Description

The thick, skirtlike ring flares outward from the stipe.

The cap is initially convex before flattening out, and reaches a diameter of 6–15 cm (2+1⁄2–6 in). The dry and smooth cap surface is whitish or has pale pinkish-brown to pinkish-gray to fawn-colored flattened fibrils or fine fibrillose scales (at least in the center). In maturity, the fibrils usually darken to brown, reddish-brown, or reddish-gray, but in one northern form the fibrils are darker brown from the beginning. The flesh is thick and white. When bruised or injured, the flesh either does not change color, or may stain pale yellowish, then often slowly discolors pinkish. The odor of the crushed flesh is mild or faintly phenolic, but is usually distinctly phenolic in the base of the stipe.[7]

The gills are initially pale pinkish to pinkish-gray before becoming brown, then chocolate-brown or darker when the spores mature. In maturity, the gills are free from attachment to the stipe, and are packed close together with little intervening spaced between them. The stipe is 7–20 cm (2+3⁄4–7+7⁄8 in) long, and 1–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) thick but with a thicker or bulbous base.[8] Firm, smooth, and lacking the scales found on the cap, the stipe is white but discolors dingy pinkish or brownish in age or after handling. The flesh in the extreme base usually stains pale yellowish when bruised. The partial veil is membranous, white, and forms a thick, felt-like ring on the upper portion of the stipe. The ring is skirtlike but often flares outward instead of collapsing against the stipe.[7] A drop of dilute potassium hydroxide placed on the cap turns yellow.[9]

Agaricus hondensis spores (1000x)

Cystidia on the gill edge (cheilocystidia) are sac-shaped to club-shaped, hyaline to pale yellowish brown in color, and have dimensions of 18.3–25.6 by 7.3–11.0 μm; there are no cystidia on the gill face (pleurocystidia).[5]

Similar species

Distinctive field characteristics of Agaricus hondensis include its woodland habitat, the yellow staining reaction with KOH, and its odor.

DNA sequences, is a close relative.[6] A. freirei is found in coastal regions of Spain.[11] A. hondensis has also been confused with A. silvaticus and A. placomyces.[5] A. sylvaticus does not have foul-smelling flesh, and has a negative KOH reaction.[12] A. placomyces is found from the midwestern United States eastward.[13] Another lookalike, the edible A. subrutilescens, has similar overall coloration, but is distinguished from A. hondensis by a mild odor, a shaggy stipe, and a less substantial ring.[14] A. moelleri is also similar.[8]

Habitat and distribution

A

Pacific Coast of North America, from British Columbia in Canada south to California,[15] but is most common in California.[14] The mushroom fruits in the fall from September to October throughout much of its range, but in California the fruiting season tends to be from November to February.[10]

Toxicity

Agaricus hondensis mushrooms are

toxic, and consuming the fruit bodies causes gastroenteritis.[16] Some fruit bodies smell of creosote, an odor that becomes even more prevalent if the mushrooms are cooked. Cooking also introduces an unpleasant soapy-metallic flavor.[5] The fruit bodies are used as food by the vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans) and the American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii).[17] Relatively high levels of the chemical hydroquinone are present in fruit bodies.[18]

See also
  • List of Agaricus species

References

  1. ^
    JSTOR 3754471. Archived
    from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
  2. ^ a b "Agaricus hondensis Murrill 1912". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
  3. ^
    JSTOR 3753286. Archived
    from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
  4. JSTOR 2481312
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-88902-977-4. Archived
    from the original on 2014-06-12. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  6. ^
    PMID 16722221
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5
    .
  8. ^
    OCLC 797915861
    .
  9. ^ a b c Kuo M. (February 2005). "Agaricus hondensis". MushroomExpert.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-0-394-51992-0
    .
  11. ^ Blanco-Dios JB. (2001). "Agaricales des dunes de Galice (nord-ouest de l'Espagne). 1. Agaricus freirei Blanco-Dios, sp. nov". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 31 (127): 27–34.
  12. ISBN 978-90-5410-495-7
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5. Archived
    from the original on 2014-06-12. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  15. ISBN 978-0-919433-47-2
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-470-33557-4. Archived
    from the original on 2014-06-12. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  17. ^ Terry CJ (1978). "Food habits of three sympatric species of insectovora in western Washington". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 92: 38–44. Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  18. PMID 17252436
    .

External links

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