Argentine Northwest

Coordinates: 26°S 66°W / 26°S 66°W / -26; -66
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Location of Northwest Argentina

The Argentine Northwest (Noroeste Argentino) is a geographic and historical region of Argentina composed of the provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán.

Geography

Tafí Valley, Tucumán.
Cerro de los Siete Colores, Jujuy Province.

The Argentine Northwest comprises very distinct

biomes
, or geographical and climatic regions. From west to east they are:

  • The Altiplano or "Puna"
  • High Mountains of the Andes
  • Fertile valleys
  • Red-rock canyons and mountain passes
  • Humid Sub-Andean Sierras
  • Tropical jungles or Yungas
  • And the ecotone—or transitional zone—between the Yungas and the Chaco region.

Besides the

Valles Calchaquíes
.

West of these valleys the peaks of the Andes reach heights of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) and the Altiplano, an extensive 3,500-meter high plateau, dominates the landscape and continues far north into Bolive and Southern Peru.

History

Archaeological finds

In February 2021, archaeologists from the University of Buenos Aires–National Scientific and Technical Research Council announced the discovery of 12 graves dated to 6,000-1,300 years ago. Researchers also revealed necklaces and pendants next to some of the bodies. According to archaeologist Leticia Cortés, there were many kinds of burial methods, in individual or collective graves, and also in the posture of the bodies. Some were hyperflexed, like squatting, with the shoulders touching the knees.[1][2]

Climate

See also: Climate of Argentina and Climatic regions of Argentina

Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry and hot and classified as

semi-arid climate at the higher elevations and warmer subtropical climate in the eastern parts of the region.[3][4] Under the Köppen climate classification, the region has 5 different climate types which are semi–arid (BS), arid (BW), temperate climate without a dry season and with a dry season (Cf and CW respectively) and an alpine climate at the highest elevations.[5]

The atmospheric circulation is controlled by the two semi–permanent South Atlantic and South Pacific highs,

Intertropical convergence zone reaches the region during the summer months, leading to low pressure, and unstable air masses due to the relatively high land temperatures compared to the sea during this season.[6]: 18  This leads to enhanced precipitation in the form of convective thunderstorms during the summer months.[8] During the winter months, the Intertropical Convergence Zone moves northwards to Ecuador while both the South Pacific and South Atlantic high move northwards, and the Chaco low weakens, all of which result in the suppression of rain during the winter.[9][5][6]: 20 [10] With the predominant wind being from the west and the Andes blocking most rain bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean along with atmospheric circulation patterns unfavourable for rain, this results in a dry season during winter.[9][5][6]: 20 [10] At the highest elevations, westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean can penetrate during the winter months, leading to snowstorms.[4]

Precipitation

Precipitation in the region is highly seasonal and is mostly concentrated in the summer months, during which precipitation decreases from east to west.

orographic precipitation.[4][5] In the south, the orographic effect is enhanced by advancing cold fronts from the south, resulting in enhanced precipitation.[6]: 22  The high rainfall on these first slopes creates a thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges.[8] Beyond the first slopes of the Andes into the valleys, the air descends vertically, warming adiabatically, creating air that is drier and warmer than on the eastern slopes.[5] Since the mountain ranges are oriented in a north–south direction, increase in elevation to the west,[4] and have a discontinuous orography, this allows valleys to have regions of relatively high precipitation in the west and drier regions in eastern parts of the valleys through orographic precipitation.[5][6]
: 29 

In the temperate valleys, which include major cities such as Salta and Jujuy,[a] average precipitation ranges from 500 to 1,000 mm (20 to 39 in).[11] For example, in the Lerma Valley which is surrounded by tall mountains (only the northeastern part of the valley is surrounded by shorter mountains), precipitation ranges from 695 mm (27.4 in) in Salta to 1,395 mm (54.9 in) in San Lorenzo, just 11 km (6.8 mi) away.[6]: 29  Rainfall in the Lerma valley in Salta and in wetter valleys in Jujuy province, including its provincial capital, is mainly concentrated in the summer months and falls in short but heavy bursts.[12][13]

Valleys in the southern parts of the region are drier than northern valleys due to the mountains on the eastern slopes of both the Andes and the Sierras Pampeanas being taller than the ones in the north (ranging from 3,000 to 6,900 m (9,800 to 22,600 ft)), presenting a significant orographic barrier that blocks moist winds from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[6]: 22–23 [14]: 28  These valleys often receive less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of precipitation per year and are characterized by sparse vegetation adapted to the arid climate.[8] For example, in La Rioja Province, mean annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm (12 in) in the easternmost parts to 100 mm (3.9 in) at the foot of the Andes.[15] Similarly in Catamarca Province, the mean annual precipitation varies from 150 mm (5.9 in) in the middle of valleys between the Andes mountains to more than 300 mm (12 in) in the nearby mountain ranges which form the valleys.[16] In Jujuy province, precipitation in the dry Quebrada de Humahuaca valley ranges from 200 to 410 mm (7.9 to 16.1 in).[17]: 17  A similar annual precipitation is found in the dry Calchaquí Valleys, with mean annual precipitation ranging from 95 mm (3.7 in) in Molinos to 200 mm (7.9 in) in Cafayate.[17]: 10  Further west in the Puna region next to Bolivia, the average elevation is 3,900 m (12,800 ft) and the terrain is mostly desert due to the higher elevations of the mountains on the east from both the Andes and the northwest extension of the Sierras Pampeanas, blocking most of the easterly winds from coming in.[4][6]: 33 [8][18]

Precipitation in the Puna region averages less than 200 mm (7.9 in) a year while potential

La Niña year, there is enhanced easterly moisture transport, resulting in a more intense rainy season.[10][22] Nonetheless, this trend is highly variable both spatially and temporally.[10]

Temperatures

Temperatures in northwest Argentina vary with elevation.

diurnal range in these cities is fairly large, particularly in the winter.[12][13]

In the

Volcan at the lower elevations; in the coldest month, the mean temperature ranges from 7.1 to 8.1 °C (44.8 to 46.6 °F).[17]: 10  The mean annual temperatures in the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley ranges from 12.0 to 14.1 °C (53.6 to 57.4 °F), depending on elevation.[17]: 10  In the Calchaquí Valleys in Salta province, the climate is similar to the valleys in La Rioja province and Catamarca province, by being temperate and arid with large thermal amplitudes, long summers, and a long frost free period which varies depending on elevation.[17]: 10 [25][26] Mean temperatures in the warmest month in the Calchaqui valleys range from 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) at the higher elevations to 22.1 °C (71.8 °F) at lower elevations; in the coldest month, the mean temperature ranges from 4.8 to 9.6 °C (40.6 to 49.3 °F).[17]: 11  The mean annual temperatures in the Calchaqui valleys ranges from 10.2 °C (50.4 °F) in La Poma at the higher elevations to 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) in San Carlos which lies at a lower elevation.[17]: 11  In both the Quebrada de Humahuaca and Calchaqui valleys, winters are cold with frosts that can occur between March and September.[11]

In the valleys in the south in La Rioja province and Catamarca province along with the southwest parts of Santiago del Estero Province which is part of the arid Chaco ecoregion,[27] the climate is mild year long in terms of temperature.[14]: 28  Temperatures during the summer are very high, with a mean temperature of 26 °C (78.8 °F) in January, the warmest month.[27] Temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) on an average of 20–25 days and can occasionally exceed 45 °C (113.0 °F), particularly in the central valley of Catamarca (Valle Central de Catamarca) and the valley of La Rioja Capital which lie at lower elevations than other valleys such as Tinogasta.[14]: 28 [27] Winters in the valleys of La Rioja province and Catamarca province along with southwest Santiago del Estero province are mild, with a mean temperature of 12 °C (53.6 °F).[27] Cold fronts from the south, bringing cold Antarctic air can cause severe frosts in the valleys of La Rioja province and Catamarca province.[14]: 33  Temperatures can fall between −8 and −14 °C (17.6 and 6.8 °F) during these cold fronts.[14] In contrast, the Zonda wind, which occurs more during the winter months can affect these valleys in La Rioja province and Catamarca province can raise temperatures up to 35 °C (95.0 °F) with strong gusts, causing possible crop damage.[14]: 33–34 

Further west, in the Puna region next to Bolivia, temperatures are much colder, with a mean annual temperature of less than 10 °C (50.0 °F) owing to its high elevation.[19] The Puna region is characterized by being cold but sunny throughout the year.[20] The diurnal range is large with a thermal amplitude that can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) due to the low humidity and the intense sunlight throughout the year.[17]: 17  and the mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 16 °C (60.8 °F) and −4 °C (24.8 °F) respectively with frosts that can occur in any month as night temperatures can regularly fall below freezing.[19][4][20] Absolute maximum temperatures in the Puna region can reach up to 30 °C (86.0 °F) while absolute minimum temperatures can fall below −20 °C (−4.0 °F).[17]: 16 

In Tucumán Province, the eastern parts have an average annual temperature of 18 to 20 °C (64.4 to 68.0 °F).[28] Summers are hot with mean temperatures averaging between 24 and 26 °C (75.2 and 78.8 °F) while in winter, the mean temperatures are between 10 and 12 °C (50.0 and 53.6 °F).[11][28] Easternmost parts of the province, which borders the Chaco region are home to the highest and lowest temperatures in the province where absolute maximum temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) while absolute minimum temperatures can reach close to −7 °C (19.4 °F) owing to the accumulation of cold air that descends from the mountains.[28][29] At higher elevations, the climate is cooler with summer temperatures averaging 20 °C (68.0 °F) and winter temperatures averaging 10 °C (50.0 °F).[28] The annual temperature in the higher elevations is between 12 and 14 °C (53.6 and 57.2 °F) at an elevation of 2,500 metres (8,202.1 ft) above sea level.[29] Within the valleys located between the mountains, temperatures are cooler with a mean annual temperature of 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) (summers average 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) while winters average 9.0 °C (48.2 °F)) in the Tafi valley.[28]

Economy

The majority of the population—and thus economic activity—of this region is concentrated in the many fertile valleys. In these valleys, the cultivation of sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus is the most important activity, along with cattle and goat raising. Important

Valles Calchaquíes in the Cafayate
region.

Thus most economic activity is associated with agriculture, with the exception of the "Altos Hornos Zapla" steel furnace.

Mining includes

hydrocarbons
extraction.

Regions of Argentina

Tourism

Trekking in Quebrada de las Conchas.

The Argentine Northwest is a popular destination for both domestic and international travelers, attracting neighboring

Valles Calchaquíes, Tafí del Valle, and the capital cities of the provinces: San Miguel de Tucumán, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Salta and San Salvador de Jujuy
.

The

Campo de los Alisos National Park
.

Cultural tourism

Besides the geography of the area, the culture is also of great interest. It is strongly influenced by Quechua and Aymara cultures, and the region is quite distinct from the more European Buenos Aires. This influence can be seen in the music, clothing and customs of the people.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Prehistoric Burials Excavated in Argentina – Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  2. ^ "Six thousand-year-old tombs found in northwest Argentina". Radio Cadena Agramonte. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  3. ^ a b "Región del Noroeste" (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio del Interior y Transporte. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ahumada, Ana (2002). "Periglacial phenomena in the high mountains of northwestern Argentina" (PDF). South African Journal of Science. 98: 166–170. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bobba, María (2011). "Causas de Las Sequías de la Región del NOA (Argentina)". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bianchi, A.; Yáñez, C.; Acuña, L. "Base de Datos Mensuales de Precipitaciones del Noroeste Argentino" (PDF) (in Spanish). Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  7. ^ Gorleri, Máximo (2005). "Caracterización Climática del Chaco Húmedo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  8. ^
    doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00127-8
    . Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  9. ^ a b c "Climate Overview" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g The Andes 2006, p. 268.
  11. ^ a b c Bravo, Gonzalo; Bianchi, Alberto; Volante, José; Salas, Susana; Sempronii, Guillermo; Vicini, Luis; Fernandez, Miguel. "Regiones Agroeconómicas del Noroeste Argentino" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  12. ^ a b c Memorias 1998, p. 129.
  13. ^ a b c d e Buitrago, Luis. "El Clima de la Provincia de Jujuy" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección Provincial de Estadística y Censos–Provincia de Jujuy. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Goméz del Campo, Maria; Morales–Sillero, A.; Vita Serman, F.; Rousseaux, M.; Searles, P. "Olive Growing in the arid valleys of Northwest Argentina (provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and San Juan)" (PDF). International Olive Council. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  15. ^ "Cap. 16 Clima de la Provincia de La Rioja" (in Spanish). Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  16. ^ "Provincia de Catamarca–Clima Y Metéorologia" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina). Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Paoli, Héctor; Volante, José; Ganam, Enrique; Bianchi, Alberto; Fernandez, Daniel; Noé, Yanina. "Aprovechamiento de Los Recursos Hídricos y Tecnologia de Riego en el Altiplano Argentino" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  18. ^ The Andes 2006, p. 267.
  19. ^ a b c d Fernandez, Osvaldo; Busso, Carlos. "Arid and semi–arid rangelands: two thirds of Argentina" (PDF). The Agricultural University of Iceland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  20. ^ a b c d "The Vegetation of Northwestern Argentina (NOA)". Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
  21. ^ "Argentina". BBC Weather. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  22. ^
    doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140158
    . Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  23. ^ Altobelli, Fabiana. "Diagnostico del Manejo del Agua en Cuencas Tabacaleras del Valle de Lerma, Salta, Argentina" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  24. ^ "Provincia de Jujuy–Clima Y Metéorologia" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina). Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  25. ^ Canziani, Pablo; Scarel, Eduardo. "South American Viticulture, Wine Production, and Climate Change" (PDF). Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  26. ^ "Reseña de la vitivinicultura argentina" (in Spanish). Acenología. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  27. ^ a b c d Karlin, Marcos (2012). "Cambios temporales del clima en la subregión del Chaco Árido" (PDF). Multequina–Latin American Journal of Natural Resources. 21. Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables de Mendoza; Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Aridas (IADIZA-CONICET): 3–16. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  28. ^ a b c d e Sesma, Pablo; Guido, Elvira; Puchulu, Maria (1998). "Clima de la Provincia de Tucumán" (PDF). Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  29. ^ a b "Provincia de Tucumán–Clima Y Metéorologia" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina). Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.

Notes

  1. ^ According to the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, the temperate valleys include the Lerma Valley, Siancas Valley in Salta Province and the Pericos Valley and the temperate valleys of Jujuy, which includes the 2 provincial capitals

Sources

External links

26°S 66°W / 26°S 66°W / -26; -66

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