Armophorea

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Armophorea
Sicuophora multigranularis (Clevelandellida)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Ciliophora
Subphylum: Intramacronucleata
Class: Armophorea
Lynn, 2004
Orders

Armophorea is a class of ciliates in the subphylum Intramacronucleata.[1][2] .[3] It was first resolved in 2004[4] and comprises three orders: Metopida, Clevelandellida,[5] and Armophorida.[6] Previously members of this class were thought to be heterotrichs because of similarities in morphology, most notably a characteristic dense arrangement of cilia surrounding their oral structures.[7] However, the development of genetic tools and subsequent incorporation of DNA sequence information has led to major revisions in the evolutionary relationships of many protists, including ciliates.[8] Metopids, clevelandellids, and armophorids were grouped into this class based on similarities in their small subunit rRNA sequences, making them one of two so-called "riboclasses" of ciliates, however, recent analyses suggest that Armophorida may not be related to the other two orders.[9]

Etymology

The name Armophorea is thought to be derived from the Latin word arma, meaning weapons, or armus, meaning shoulder. This name refers to the caenomorphid members of this class, which have a characteristic military helmet-like morphology, and also a twisted appearance that looks like a shoulder.[7]

Habitat and ecology

Free-living armophoreans live in anoxic or microaerobic habitats, in the sediment or water column where there is reduced or absent oxygen. Thus their distribution is quite limited, although they are found globally in both marine and freshwater habitats, as well as in terrestrial sediment. Clevelandellids live as commensal symbionts inside of the digestive tracts of terrestrial and aquatic animals.[7]

Armophoreans can survive by

encystment when in unfavorable environmental conditions. This is quite important for clevelandellids because it facilitates their transmission between hosts.[7]

Like most anaerobic ciliates, armophoreans have mitochondria-derived organelles called

sulfate reducers, which are thought to play a similar role as the endosymbiotic methanogens in that they also consume hydrogen as a metabolite of host fermentation.[10]

Methanogenesis by these endosymbiotic archaea can contribute substantially to the production of methane in sulphate-rich, anoxic detrital sediments and the anoxic water column, but the contribution is modest (>2%) in sandy sediments where the ciliates are lower in number.[12] This is in contrast to clevelandellids: over 80% of the methane produced by the American cockroach can be attributed to these ciliates via their methanogenic endosymbionts.[7]

Taxonomy

Order Metopida

Order Clevelandellida (de Puytorac & Grain, 1976)

Family Clevelandellidae (Kidder, 1938)

Family Nyctotheridae (Amara, 1972)

Order Armophorida

References

  1. PMID 27126745
    .
  2. PMID 24385862
    .
  3. PMID 30052499. Open access icon
  4. S2CID 34941205
    .
  5. ^ De Puytorac, P; Grain, J (1976). "Ultrastructure du cortex buccal et évolution chez les ciliés". Protistologica. 12: 49–67.
  6. ^ Jankowski, AW (1964). "Morphology and evolution of Ciliophora. III. Diagnoses and phylogenesis of 53 sapropelobionts, mainly of the order Heterotrichida". Protist. 107: 185–294.
  7. ^
    OCLC 758317642
    .
  8. S2CID 28185769
    .
  9. PMID 28843744
    .
  10. ^
    ISBN 9783642136146
  11. ISBN 9783642136146
  12. ISSN 0078-5326
    .
  13. ^
    doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab063
    .

External links
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