Dinokaryota
| Dinokaryota | |
|---|---|
| |
| "Peridinea" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | |
| Superclass: | Dinokaryota Cavalier-Smith, 1993[1] |
Dinokaryota is a main grouping of
symbiotic
zooxanthellae.
The non-photosynthetic members are believed to derive from photosynthetic ancestors.[2]
Classification
Dinoflagellates are classified by morphology.
With a theca
Species with a theca are divided into four orders, based on the arrangement of the armor plates:
- Dinophysiales - e.g. Dinophysis
- Gonyaulacales - e.g. Ceratium, Gonyaulax
- Peridiniales - e.g. Peridinium
- Prorocentrum
The Peridiniales are probably
rRNA trees they are mixed with the species that lack thecae. The other three orders are probably monophyletic
, with the Dinophysiales and Prorocentrales as close relatives, united by the presence of a sagittal suture dividing the theca in two.
However, on rRNA trees the Prorocentrales are split up.[3]
Without theca
The groups of dinoflagellates without theca are understood to be artificial, and are mostly
polyphyletic. Many of the genera, such as Gymnodinium and Amphidinium, are also polyphyletic. However some may approximate monophyletic groups, such as the Suessiales
, and some have not been studied phylogenetically.
- Gymnodiniales - e.g. Gymnodinium, Amphidinium
- Ptychodiscales
- Suessiales - e.g. Symbiodinium
- Desmocapsales
- Dinamoeba, Pfiesteria
- Thoracosphaerales
Blastodiniales
There is also a group of parasitic dinoflagellates, the Blastodiniales, that do not have dinokarya during their trophic stage. Because of this, they have been treated as a separate class Blastodiniphyceae, but some or all may actually have developed within the Dinophyceae.
References
- PMID 8302218.
- PMID 11523007.
- doi:10.1111/j.1440-1835.2004.tb00341.x (inactive 2024-04-22).)
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link