Arthur Sifton

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Charles Wellington Fisher
Member of the Brandon City Council
In office
1882–1884
Personal details
Born
Arthur Lewis Watkins Sifton

(1858-10-26)October 26, 1858
Unionist Party (1917–1921)
SpouseMary H. Deering
Children2
Signature
1 Rutherford served as Minister of Railways until June 1, 1910, after which the position was vacant until Sifton took it. Minister of Telephones was a new position.

Arthur Lewis Watkins Sifton

Chief Justice of Alberta
in 1907 and served until 1910.

In 1910, the Liberal government of Alberta premier

George Bulyea, was a Liberal and determined that for the sake of the Alberta Liberal Party
, Rutherford had to be pushed aside in favour of a new premier. When other prominent Liberals declined it, the position was offered to Sifton, who accepted it. As premier, Sifton smoothed over the divisions in the party that had caused and been exacerbated by the railway scandal. He made attempts to break with the Rutherford railway policy; when these were rebuffed by the courts, he adopted a course similar to Rutherford's. He unsuccessfully pursued the transfer of rights over Alberta's natural resources from the federal government, which had retained them by the terms of Alberta's provincehood.

While Sifton was premier, the

agricultural colleges, incorporated a farmer-run grain elevator cooperative, and implemented a municipal system of hail insurance. Outside of agriculture, the UFA was instrumental in the Sifton government's implementation of some direct democracy measures (which resulted in prohibition
) and the extension of the vote to women.

During the

Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He died in Ottawa
in January 1921 after a brief illness.

Early life

Arthur Sifton was born on October 26, 1858, in

Cobourg, Ontario. In 1880, he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts.[2] While in Cobourg, he was not a devoted student: he skipped many classes, and was judged by his classmates to be "intellectually, morally, physically and erratically preeminent in virtue and otherwise, especially otherwise".[3]

bar exam and joined Clifford's Brandon law firm, now styled Sifton and Sifton.[5]

Queen's Counsel.[6]

Early political career

Sifton's first foray into politics was in 1878, when he campaigned for the introduction of

1898 territorial election.[6] Election day returns showed Sifton with a plurality of thirty-six votes, but by the time contested ballots were dealt with this had turned into a majority of two votes for Brett.[3] Sifton successfully challenged this result in court, and in the ensuing by-election he defeated Brett by a comfortable margin.[3] One oft-repeated anecdote from the campaign involved a campaign forum for which Brett was late. After giving his own speech, Sifton offered to give the still-absent Brett's speech as well, since he had heard it so many times.[7] He did so, and when Brett eventually arrived to give a speech nearly identical to the one Sifton had given on his behalf he was puzzled by the audience's amusement.[8]

Having defeated Brett, Sifton was immediately one of the area's most prominent Liberals, and he was named president of the

Frederick William Gordon Haultain to fill the ensuing vacancy and, to preserve the delicate non-partisan balance of his administration, he had to pick a successor who was, like Ross, a Liberal.[8] The role fell to Sifton.[8] Soon after his appointment, Clifford offered him his sought-after position of Northwest Territories Chief Justice. Arthur declined on the basis of his recently assumed ministerial duties, but he made it clear that he was still interested in receiving the judicial post eventually.[8]

As minister, Sifton had to cope with increasing expenses and with grants from the federal government that did not keep pace.

1902 territorial election.[8] Months later, however, T. H. Maguire retired as territorial chief justice, and this time Sifton accepted his brother's offer of the position.[8] He resigned his political offices in January 1903.[8]

Career as a jurist

Despite the accusations of

precedents.[3]

In 1907, Sifton was one member of a three-member commission assigned to investigate labour unrest between coal miners and mine operators.

Alexander Rutherford's government legislated an eight-hour day anyway.[13]

He resigned from the bench on May 25, 1910, to become Premier.

Premier

Ascension and cabinet-building

In 1910, the

George Bulyea, a Liberal who had reluctantly asked Rutherford to form a government in 1905, saw his doubts about the Premier's leadership skills validated and quietly began looking for candidates to replace him and save the Liberal Party.[14] Several possibilities—including William Henry Cushing, Peter Talbot, and Frank Oliver—were considered and either rejected or found to be uninterested in the job.[15] As early as March 14, Bulyea had concluded that Sifton might be "the only permanent solution", though it was not until May that the Lieutenant-Governor was able to secure Rutherford's agreement to resign and the agreement of both major factions in the Liberal caucus to accept Sifton as Premier.[16] Even up until the last minute, Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) loyal to Charles Wilson Cross—the province's Attorney-General and a staunch Rutherford ally—threatened to scuttle the arrangement unless Cross was kept on as attorney-general, to which Sifton refused to agree.[17] On May 26, Rutherford resigned and Arthur Sifton became the second Premier of Alberta.[18]

John R. Boyle was made Minister of Education (Mitchell, who had previously held both of these posts, was transferred to the Public Works portfolio).[23] The other new additions to cabinet—Malcolm McKenzie as Provincial Treasurer and Charles Stewart in the new position of Minister of Municipal Affairs[23]—had voted with the Rutherford government during the scandal.[24][25]

Another early challenge for the new Premier was to win a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.[21] Although he lived and worked in Calgary,[18] his first cabinet was composed mostly of southern members (McLean represented Lethbridge District,[17] Marshall represented Olds,[17] and Mitchell was soon elected in Medicine Hat),[22] so Sifton had Archibald Campbell resign his Vermilion seat and sought election there.[21] Sifton made few promises during the campaign, though he did identify as his priorities "the development of [Alberta's] agricultural and mining resources and the transportation facilities".[18] Despite accusations by the Conservatives that the Liberals bought "the foreign vote" with beer, whiskey, and tobacco, he won a comfortable majority.[18]

Railway policy

Before resigning, Rutherford's government had called a

Royal Commission into the Alberta and Great Waterways affair, and this commission had not reported by the time that Sifton took office.[26] Between that and the proroguing of the legislature, the new Premier enjoyed a calm that lasted until November 10, when the legislature reconvened.[26] Conservative leader Edward Michener attacked the government's speech from the throne for failing to commit itself on railway policy and attacked Sifton for failing to call a general election or seek the confidence of the legislature during his first half year in office.[27] In the meantime, Sifton was facing a breach in his own party on the railway question. Many Liberals from the south of the province, including Sifton himself, felt inclined to abandon the construction of "pioneer" railways (such as the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway) designed to hasten the settlement of the province's emptier areas, and concentrate only on those connecting major population centres.[28] Members from the north of the province, who comprised most of the Liberal caucus, disagreed, and were vehement in their insistence that the A&GW be built.[29] Even among this latter group there were divisions: some Liberals agreed with the Conservatives that the railway should be directly built by the government, while others, including Cross, favoured a partnership with a "responsible company".[30] These divisions were not calmed by the release of the commission's report, whose majority condemned Rutherford and Cross for poor judgment even as it concluded that there was insufficient evidence to find that they had engaged in improper behaviour.[31]

It was against this backdrop that Sifton announced his government's policy with respect to the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Company. Because it had failed to meet its construction obligations, Sifton introduced legislation to confiscate the proceeds of the sale of government-guaranteed bonds sold to finance the railway's construction.[32] He gave no indication of how the money, which was being held in trust by several banks, would be used.[32] Cross's faction of (primarily northern) Liberals opposed the bill on the grounds that it did not commit the government to using the money to construct the railway,[32] while the Conservatives opposed it as an unjustified confiscation of private property.[33] As Conservative R. B. Bennett said,

[The bill is] an act of confiscation, an act such as never before has been carried out in the British Empire, an act such as has few equals in the pages of history. Similar acts have been carried out, once in Nicaragua and Virginia, and in South Carolina and only in times of war or revolution ... In my opinion the bargain was an improvident one, but that does not justify confiscation ... I did not think the new road would pay. But it is a new doctrine that because a bargain did not pay it should be repudiated and one should become a repudiator of bargains and a confiscator of private rights.[34]

In speaking of A&GW President William Clarke (an American), Bennett went on to say "Clarke I despise but Clarke I am bound to respect, because this province gave him a right by charter and if I know the United States I do not think it will allow this province to take his property without due process of the law."

third reading by a vote of twenty-five votes to fourteen.[34] Nine Liberals had reversed themselves and saved Sifton's government, though both Cross and Rutherford were among those to vote against it.[35]

Despite calls from Clarke for the federal government to use its power of

loan guarantees, including several pioneer lines; this policy, in its resemblance to the Rutherford policy, met with the approval of the Cross faction, and the Liberals were once more united.[38]

In 1912, Justice Stuart's ruling was upheld by the Supreme Court of Alberta en banc.[39] Again the Royal Bank appealed, and on January 31, 1913, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which was at the time Canada's highest judicial authority, found for the Royal Bank, ruling that the provincial government did not have the right to confiscate money raised outside of the province.[40] On September 22 Sifton announced new management of the AG&W agreeable to the bondholders, the government, and the banks.[41] The Conservatives protested that other companies were prepared to construct the railroad for less than the sum agreed on with the A&GW, to which Sifton replied that the Privy Council's ruling meant that the government could not use the money raised to deal with any other company.[42] The Conservatives filibustered the legislation and moved a series of amendments (including one calling for the scheme to be put to referendum), but the Liberals voted unanimously in its favour.[43] The Alberta and Great Waterways saga had reached its end, and Sifton's caucus was never more united.[43]

Natural resources

When Alberta and

Sir Wilfrid Laurier, it was natural for the provincial Liberal Party to cast itself as their defender.[45] In this capacity, Rutherford pointed to the $375,000 per year that the provincial government received from the federal government as compensation.[46] In 1910, however, Liberal MLA Alwyn Bramley-Moore (who was a staunch provincial rights advocate and who many years later was called "Alberta's first separatist" by the Edmonton Journal)[47] moved a resolution calling on the Sifton government to "take such steps as may be deemed necessary to acquire the control of all such natural resources as are of purely local concern".[48] Sifton responded that it was already the intention of his government to begin negotiations with the federal government to this end.[49] He asserted "I have always believed ... that we should administer our mines and timber. The question is not now whether we would like to control our natural resources, but what is the best way to get them."[50]

Conservatives.[52]

Initially, this did not appear to be a problem; Borden had long called for the transfer of resource control to the prairie provinces,

First World War, the issue fell out of public prominence, and it was not until 1930 that Alberta achieved this long-time objective.[50]

Agricultural policy

Sifton's time as Premier corresponded with the rise of the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) as a political force. Formed in 1909 by the merger of the Society of Equity and the Alberta Farmers' Association,[53] the UFA later became a political party and governed Alberta from 1921 until 1935.[54] During Sifton's tenure, however, its entry into direct politics was still several years away, and it confined itself to advocating for farmers' interests.[55] In a province in which 50,004 people voted in the 1909 provincial election,[56] the UFA claimed an initial membership of 2,100, which climbed to 9,400 in 1913.[57] Moreover, these figures did not include the many farmers who were active in the organization without paying dues; the UFA was a force to be reckoned with, and Sifton took notice.[57]

The UFA's first provincial victory took place in 1910, and involved the construction of

Claresholm in Archibald McLean's Lethbridge District, and Sifton's Vermilion).[58][61]

Another of the UFA's policies called for a single tax on land to replace most other forms of taxation.

grain elevators, which Sifton refused,[66] it gladly accepted the AFCEC, in which only farmers could hold shares and which was supported by provincial startup loans.[65]

Hall writes that "the Sifton government in effect responded wholly or in part to practically every resolution from the 1913 UFA convention related to provincial powers."

gopher poison by UFA locals, and one dealing with brand inspection.[67]

Democratic and moral reform

It was not only in agricultural policy that the UFA spread its influence. The organization had a strong progressive bent, and advocated direct democracy, women's suffrage, and prohibition. In response to the first of these, Sifton in 1913 introduced the Direct Democracy Act.[68] Though it went somewhat less far than the UFA would have liked—for example, it made no provision for recall of elected officials—it did allow for Albertans to call a referendum directly by submitting a petition including the names of eligible voters totalling ten percent of the votes cast in the previous provincial election, including at least eight percent in each of eighty-five percent of the province's ridings.[68] The Conservatives were on record as supporting direct democracy, and could therefore criticize the bill only in detail.[68]

Prohibition Act in the spring of 1916.[73] Initially the new Act appeared successful: in 1917 there were 5,151 convictions for all crimes across Alberta, as compared to an annual average of 12,706 over the preceding four years.[74] By the time the province's enforcement of the act was exposed as being either deliberately lax or merely futile, depending on the observer, Sifton had left office.[74]

Alberta's women, especially those of the UFA-affiliated United Farm Women of Alberta, were active in the province's moral reform movement.[75] They were also active in seeking the vote: in 1913 a delegation of them arrived at the legislature demanding the vote; Sifton asked them "did you ladies wash up your luncheon dishes before you came down here to ask me for the vote? If you haven't you'd better go home because you're not going to get any votes from me."[76] In October 1914 another delegation arrived, bearing the signatures of 40,000 people.[77] At that time, the Premier agreed that most traditional objections to extension of the franchise were "played out", but expressed concern at the increases that would result to the cost of elections and uncertainty at whether most of the province's women actually wanted suffrage.[77] In February 1915 a larger delegation arrived at the legislature and occupied the MLAs' seats,[78] demanding that the franchise be extended quickly enough to allow women to vote in the upcoming prohibition referendum; an angry Sifton refused and suggested to the women that if they wanted the vote, they should contact their MLAs and promise that they would use their votes to re-elect them, "which is after all one of the strongest way in which you can appeal to male human nature, as represented in the legislature."[78] Even so, he committed to raising the issue in the legislature after the referendum.[79] On September 17, 1915, he told UFA President James Speakman that he had given instructions for the preparation of a statute "placing men and women in Alberta on the basis of absolute equality so far as Provincial matters are concerned."[79] True to his word, he introduced legislation in the spring of 1916 giving women the vote in all provincial and municipal elections.[79] The Conservatives supported it enthusiastically, and only St. Albert MLA Lucien Boudreau voted against it (though Ribstone Liberal James Gray Turgeon admitted that he was supporting his leader's legislation against his own convictions).[79]

Style and political success

Arthur Sifton's political style was to remain aloof and detached, and to say no more than necessary; this cemented his reputation as "the Sphinx".[80] He was authoritarian and, while he inspired respect, he was not loved; historian L. G. Thomas credits him with holding the Liberal Party together through his strength, but blames him for failing to heal its underlying divisions.[81] Sifton was originally selected as Premier in the hopes that he would lead the Liberal Party to continued dominance of provincial politics in Alberta. His success in this regard was mixed: although he led the party to victory in the 1913 and 1917 elections, its majorities declined each time.[56] Moreover, his victories were marred by accusations of unethical electoral tactics.[82][83]

In advance of the 1913 election, government-sponsored

gerrymander" and the ensuing election the "crookedest election in Alberta history".[83] There being few policy differences separating the Liberals from the Conservatives, the electoral battle was instead an organizational one, with the two sides accusing one another of bribing ethnic minorities with alcohol and importing elections workers from outside of the province to bribe, intimidate, and mislead rural voters.[86] The Conservatives also accused the Liberals of using government-paid civil servants to campaign for their re-election.[86] Sifton, not confident of victory in his own riding, sought election both there and in Macleod.[83] In the event, he was defeated there but retained his Vermilion riding.[83]

Since the 1917 election was held in the throes of the

First World War, it was unlikely to be an election as usual—indeed, the Conservatives favoured prolonging the legislature until the end of the war.[87] Sifton was not willing to go that far, but did introduce legislation to re-elect, by act of the legislature, the twelve MLAs who had enlisted in the armed forces—of these, seven were Liberals and five Conservatives; one of the Liberals, Joseph Stauffer of Disbury, was killed in action before the legislation took effect.[87] The Conservatives supported this legislation, though they later cast aspersions on it by suggesting that of the Liberals re-elected, two had never left Canada.[87] A second piece of election legislation provided for two special MLAs to be elected by the 38,000 Albertans serving overseas; the Conservatives protested that two MLAs was not sufficient for such a large number of voters, especially since Clearwater by this time had only 116 eligible voters.[87]

After a sedate election that the Liberals won by a slightly reduced majority,[88] Sifton announced his resignation as Premier to enter federal politics.[89] Sifton's 1917 victory was the Liberals' last: his successor, Charles Stewart, lost the 1921 election to the newly-political UFA.[90] In Thomas's estimation, Sifton would have faced a similar fate in 1917 if the UFA had run candidates then.[91]

Federal politics

Sifton as a federal cabinet minister

The Conscription Crisis of 1917 divided the Liberal Party of Canada, and this division extended into the provincial camp. Federal Liberal leader Laurier opposed Prime Minister Borden's proposal to implement wartime conscription, a stand which many Liberals, especially those outside Quebec, denounced as unpatriotic. Borden reached out to these Liberals to propose a coalition government, to be led by him and to include Conservatives and pro-conscription Liberals.[92] Clifford Sifton was a major broker of the resulting deal and, when the question of a suitable Alberta representative in the cabinet came up, Arthur Sifton was a natural choice.[93] In 1914, he had announced Alberta's willingness to sacrifice "its last dollar and its last man", and was a staunch supporter of conscription.[94] He had agreed by August 1917 to join the Unionist government, and resigned as Premier in October.[92]

Although he was only 58 at the time of joining government, his health was suffering.

Imperial Privy Council in the 1920 New Year Honours,[95]
entitling him to the style "The Right Honourable".

Sifton was one of four Canadian delegates to the

Paris Peace Conference of 1919, along with Borden, Charles Doherty, and George Eulas Foster.[92] There, he acted as vice chair of the Commission on Ports, Waterways, and Railways, and served on the Commission on Aerial Navigation.[92] In these capacities he argued for Canada to be treated as an independent state at a time when its foreign policy was still managed by the United Kingdom.[92] On June 28, 1919, Arthur Sifton was one of two Canadians to sign the Treaty of Versailles.[80]

Death and legacy

In January 1921, Sifton became ill and took leave from his duties for a few days.[80] Although his recovery seemed imminent, his condition suddenly worsened. He died at his home on January 21 at the age of 62.[80] Borden mourned the loss of "a public servant of the highest ability and of the most conspicuous patriotism".[96] He was buried in Ottawa's Beechwood Cemetery.

His public papers are in the Canadian archives, with some legal papers in a legal collection in Alberta, and others mixed in with those of his brother Clifford.[3]

Electoral record

As party leader

1917 Alberta provincial election[56]
Party Party leader # of
candidates 		Seats Popular vote
1913 1917 % Change # % % Change
Liberal
Arthur Sifton
 49 38/39 34 -12.8% 54,212 48.14% -1.09%
Conservative
Edward Michener
 48 17 19 +11.8% 47,055 41.79% -3.31%
  Independent 11 - 2   6,569 5.83% +2.08%
 
Labour
 2   1   3,576 3.17%  
Socialist 3 - - - 784 0.70% -1.17%
Nonpartisan League 1   -   416 0.37%  
Sub-total 114 55/56[97] 56 - 112,612 100%
 
 
 Soldiers' vote (Province at large) 21   2   13,286 21.00%  
Total 135 55/56 58 +3.6% 125,898 100%
 
1913 Alberta provincial election[56]
Party Party leader # of
candidates 		Seats Popular vote
1909 1913 % Change # % % Change
Liberal
Arthur Sifton
 55/56[97][98] 36 38/39[97] +8.3% 47,748 49.23% -10.03%
Conservative
Edward Michener
 56 2 17 +750% 43,737 45.10% +13.4%
  Independent 14 1 - -100% 3,639 3.75% +0.36%
Socialist
Charles M. O'Brien
 5 1 - -100% 1,814 1.87% -0.73%
Independent Independent Liberal 1 1 - 47 0.05% -2.57%
Total 132 41 55/56 +36.6% 96,985 100%

As MLA

1917 Alberta general election results (Vermilion)[99] Turnout N.A.
Liberal Arthur Sifton 2,063 63.0%
Conservative John Baker Burch 1,210 37.0%
1913 Alberta general election results (Vermilion)[99] Turnout N.A.
Liberal Arthur Sifton 772 47.7%
Conservative J. George Clark 571 35.3%
Independent Gregory Krikevsky 276 17.0%
1913 Alberta general election results (Macleod)[100] Turnout N.A.
Conservative Robert Patterson 579 50.8%
Liberal Arthur Sifton 560 49.2%
1910 by-election results (Vermilion)[99] Turnout N.A.
Liberal Arthur Sifton 1,018 58.9%
Conservative J. George Clark 710 41.1%
Banff)[101]
 Turnout N.A.
Arthur Sifton 296 81.3%
Robert Smith 68 18.7%
1901 by-election results (
Banff)[101]
 Turnout N.A.
Arthur Sifton Acclaimed
1899 by-election results (
Banff)[101]
 Turnout N.A.
Arthur Sifton 193 54.8%
Robert Brett 159 45.2%
Banff)[101]
 Turnout N.A.
Robert Brett 181 50.3%
Arthur Sifton 179 49.7%

As MP

1917 Canadian federal election: Medicine Hat
Party Candidate Votes %
Government (Unionist)
Arthur Lewis Sifton
 6,869 63.04
Opposition (Laurier Liberals) Clifford Bernardo Reilly 3,568 32.74
Nonpartisan League George Paton 460 4.22
Total valid votes 10,897

Archives

There are Arthur Sifton fonds at Library and Archives Canada[102] and the Provincial Archives of Alberta.[103]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Perry & Craig 2006, p. 243.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hall 2004, p. 20.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Sifton, Arthur Lewis Watkins". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  4. ^ a b "The Honourable Arthur L. Sifton, 1910-17". Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Archived from the original on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hall 2004, p. 21.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Hall 2004, p. 22.
  7. ^ Hall 2004, pp. 22–23.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hall 2004, p. 23.
  9. ^ a b c d e Hall 2004, p. 24.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Thomas 1959, p. 48.
  11. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 47.
  12. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 48–49.
  13. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 49.
  14. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 87.
  15. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 88.
  16. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 89.
  17. ^ a b c d e Thomas 1959, p. 90.
  18. ^ a b c d Hall 2004, p. 25.
  19. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 91.
  20. ^ a b Thomas 1959, pp. 90–91.
  21. ^ a b c d Thomas 1959, p. 93.
  22. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 94.
  23. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 125.
  24. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 113.
  25. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 84.
  26. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 95.
  27. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 107–108.
  28. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 109.
  29. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 110–111.
  30. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 111.
  31. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 106.
  32. ^ a b c Thomas 1959, p. 110.
  33. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 111–112.
  34. ^ a b c d Thomas 1959, p. 112.
  35. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 112–113.
  36. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 121.
  37. ^ Hall 2004, p. 27.
  38. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 121–122.
  39. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 127.
  40. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 127–128.
  41. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 148.
  42. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 149–150.
  43. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 150.
  44. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 8.
  45. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 25–26.
  46. ^ Babcock 1989, pp. 27–28.
  47. ^ Thomson, Graham (November 11, 2005). "Remembrance Day". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 2008-01-12. [dead link]
  48. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 114–115.
  49. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 115.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Hall 2004, p. 30.
  51. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 120–121.
  52. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 116.
  53. ^ Rennie 2000, pp. 34–35.
  54. ^ "United Farmers of Alberta". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 28 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
  55. ^ Rennie 2000, p. 89.
  56. ^ a b c d e "Alberta provincial election results". Elections Alberta. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
  57. ^ a b Rennie 2000, p. 51.
  58. ^ a b c d e Hall 2004, p. 31.
  59. ^ Rennie 2000, p. 37.
  60. ^ Rennie 2000, p. 38.
  61. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 134.
  62. ^ a b Rennie 2000, p. 42.
  63. ^ a b c Rennie 2000, p. 44.
  64. ^ Rennie 2000, pp. 45–46.
  65. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 135.
  66. ^ Rennie 2000, p. 46.
  67. ^ Rennie 2000, p. 128.
  68. ^ a b c Thomas 1959, p. 136.
  69. ^ a b Rennie 2000, p. 126.
  70. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 138–139.
  71. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 139.
  72. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 158.
  73. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 159–160.
  74. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 163.
  75. ^ Rennie 2000, pp. 118–119.
  76. ^ Hall 2004, pp. 34–35.
  77. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 164.
  78. ^ a b Hall 2004, p. 35.
  79. ^ a b c d Thomas 1959, p. 165.
  80. ^ a b c d Hall 2004, p. 38.
  81. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 180.
  82. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 137&142.
  83. ^ a b c d Hall 2004, p. 33.
  84. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 137.
  85. ^ Mardon & Mardon 1993, p. 51.
  86. ^ a b Thomas 1959, p. 142.
  87. ^ a b c d Thomas 1959, p. 169.
  88. ^ Thomas 1959, pp. 178–179.
  89. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 179.
  90. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 204.
  91. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 207.
  92. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hall 2004, p. 37.
  93. ^ Thomas 1959, p. 170.
  94. ^ Hall 2004, p. 36.
  95. ^ "No. 31712". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1919. p. 2.
  96. ^ Hall 2004, p. 39.
  97. ^ a b c In 1913, Charles Cross ran and won in two different ridings.
  98. ^ Sifton and Alexander Grant MacKay each ran in two ridings and won one.
  99. ^ a b c Mardon & Mardon 1993, p. 129.
  100. ^ Mardon & Mardon 1993, p. 94.
  101. ^ a b c d "Territories" (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  102. ^ "Arthur Lewis Sifton fonds, Library and Archives Canada". 20 July 2017. Retrieved 2020-09-17.
  103. ^ "Arthur Sifton fonds, Provincial Archives of Alberta". Retrieved 2020-09-17.

Works cited

External links

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