Australians in Italy

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about Italians of Australian descent. For Australians of Italian ancestry, see Italian Australians.

Australians in Italy
Regions with significant populations
Protestant
Related ethnic groups
Italian Australians, Australian diaspora, Australians

Australians in Italy consist of Australian individuals who travel to Italy on a permanent or/and temporary basis.

Italian Australians). Approximately two-thirds are settled in Rome while the rest are mainly in Milan. Australian expatriates in Italy over the age of 15 account for 5.9% (172,000) of all Australian expatriates, in comparison to the United Kingdom accounting for 33.4% (969,000) within 1999–2003. 12.6% of these individuals entered Italy with a tertiary education.[4] Australian tourism within Italy accounted for 1.3% of total tourism within Italy, and staying on average 10.5 nights within 2018. Australian tourists stay longer on average in Italy than other tourists visiting for non-UE countries.[5] Australia and Italy have a bilateral relationship regarding trade developments such as agreements surrounding free trade, partnership in building security measures, and international relation schemes such as Brexit.[6] Australia has various other agreements with Italy including a working holiday visa, defence industry cooperation, and economic and commercial cooperation agreements.[6] Australia has two embassies in Italy, one in Rome and the other in Milan.[6] These bodies manage public diplomacy and collaborate with Australian companies such as 'Screen Australia' to produce films within the Italian landscape.[6]

Vatican II meeting, or for other Religious vocation such as study.[11]

Demographics

Australians entering Italy must have a valid passport (validity of a minimum of three months) and may require

Australian embassy in Rome stated that there is a decline in short-term and permanent basis Australians in Italy.[8]

There is a low percentage (13%) of Australians in Italy with a high level of education, however there is a large percentage of Australians with highly qualified jobs within Italy.[8] Therefore, immigration studies suggest that 87% of those with no education are returning migrants who moved to Australia on a temporary basis, to the labour force which had low qualified jobs.[8]

COVID-19

On 8 March 2020 the

Australian Department of Home Affairs.[7] A level 3 non-essential travel advisory was put into place.[7] This impacted millions of Australians from entering Italy.[citation needed] Australians were only able to leave Australia with an exemption.[7] The economic impact in Italy within the first three months recorded a 200 million euro impact.[citation needed
]

Australians in the Vatican

The Vatican II Council

The

Roman Catholic church.[15] It consisted of a four-year congregation of religious figures such as bishops and scholars participating in various debates, and resulting in various religious documents containing liturgical doctrines and a renewed practice of the Catholic faith being written.[15]

Eris O'Brien

Eris O'Brien (1895–1974) born in Condobolin, New South Wales, Australia was an archbishop and academic who has written various published letters and books such as "The Dawn of Catholicism in Australia".[16] O'Brien ventured to Rome firstly in September 1934, to gain knowledge about Cardinal Francis Moran's life as he was selected to write a bibliography on his legacy.[16] He returned to Rome in 1962 to attend the Vatican II meeting.[16] In this vocation, O'Brien delivered a speech of the third intervention on marital notions inspired by his previous publications.[11] This intervention can be found in the "Acta Synodalia".[11]

Norman Thomas Gilroy

Cardinal Norman Thomas Gilroy (1896–1877) born in Glebe, Sydney, was a theologian and Archbishop who attended the Vatican II meeting from 1962 until 1965.[17] Gilroy was a member of the Council of Presidency. His scholarship within this council entitled him to direct debates.[17] However, he was later demoted due to the inclusion of more knowledgeable theologists, which consequently led to the repudiation of his contributions.[17] It was to his discretion that higher authoritative figures such as the Pope and his Government at the time to make such decisions.[17] Gilroy expressed his concern within the first session of the meeting to withstand following the teachings of the writings of the council, more specifically those of "De Ecclesia".[11]

Post Vatican II council

The

Catholic gathering of bishops from Australasia in the Vatican.[8] It was initiated by Pope John Paul II.[8] The synod began in November 1998, and consisted of 117 bishops that aimed to modernise the traditional views of the Vatican, and appropriate them to suit the Australasian community.[8] The Vatican officials however, did not agree on the practices and ideas of the Australian bishops, and thus, has created tension between the Australasian and Roman bishops.[8] This disagreement is seen in the "Statement of Conclusions" written by the Vatican officials before the meeting came to a resolution.[8]

Return migration of Italian Australians

Italian migration

In 2016, there were 174,042 first-generation Italian-Australians within Australia 40.5% (70,527) settling in Victoria, and 28.4% (49,476) settling in New South Wales.

Ministry of Labor and Social Security to be employed in industrial and agricultural jobs that lacked employees.[21] The Italian and Australian government divided the cost for these individuals to migrate.[21]

Italian Australians in Italy

Within 1960–1975, of 90,000

Italian migrants, 22% of Italian Australians returned to Italy for permanent residence.[22] This on average was after over a decade of living in Australia, and constituted both Italian born, and Australian born individuals with Italian heritage.[22] Associazione Nazionale Emigrati ed Ex emigrati in Australia (ANEA) is an organization which began in 1976 in Italy, in an attempt to reintegrate Italian Australians back into Italy, whilst maintaining a connection with Australia.[22] The organisation was later known to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs facilitates conferences each year placing emphasis on social and cultural reintegration.[23] Within the 1970s many Italian-Australians from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia returned to Veneto, Trentino and Calabria within both North and Southern regions of Italy.[22]

Australian tourism to Italy

Between the 19th and 20th century Australians who visited Italy for tourism purposes entailed

De Sica.[10]

Australian tourists staying in Italy for a period under 90 days within a 180-day period do not require a

Schengen visa.[12] As of 2021, Australians must obtain ETIAS authorisation in 2021. This authorisation will be valid for a period of five years.[12] Within the last two decades, a stronger relationship between Italy and Australia, and the evolution of transport systems has further increased Australian tourism into Italy.[10] In 2011–2012, 51.5% of inbound arrivals to Italy were tourists.[14] However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, 90% of accommodation and travel bookings were cancelled in Rome, and 80% cancelled in Sicily.[citation needed
]

Educational tourism

Educational Tourism is the concept of individual's traveling to a foreign place to learn, experiment and thus, report on foreign historical, social, and cultural contexts.[26] Australian educational tourism volume increased within the 1970s.[22] The predominant regions of Italy to be visited by Australian scholars entails Rome, Florence and Venice, however the scope of education is not limited to these cities.[22] Scholars have the ability to travel elsewhere to conduct primary research as a result of the boom in globalisation.[22] The University of Sydney (NSW, Australia) within the 1980s introduced an educational Alumni travel program.[22] Similarly, Wollongong Universities (NSW, Australia) introduced a similar program called "Odyssey Travel".[22] These programs opened the opportunity for Australians to travel and study abroad in Italy whilst also conducting their university degrees.[22]

Notable Australians in Italy

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kent, F. W., Pesman, R., & Troup, C. (2008). Chapter 3. Some facts and Figures. In Australians in Italy: Contemporary lives and impressions. Clayton, Vic: Monash University ePress.
  2. ^ "Chapter - Australian expatriates in OECD countries". www.abs.gov.au. 20 July 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  3. ^ "Figures" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  4. ^ "Migration, Australia, 2019-20 financial year | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  5. ^ Bancaditalia.it. 2020. Survey On International Tourism. [online] Available at https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/indagine-turismo-internazionale/2019-indagine-turismo-internazionale/en_statistiche_ITI_18062019.pdf?language_id=1 [Accessed 7 October 2020].
  6. ^ a b c d Italy country brief. (n.d.). Retrieved 13 October 2020, from https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/italy/Pages/italy-country-brief.
  7. ^ a b c d e Department of Home Affairs. (2020). Leaving Australia: COVID-19 and the border. Retrieved 1 November 2020, from https://covid19.homeaffairs.gov.au/leaving-australia
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kent, F. W., Pesman, R., & Troup, C. (2008). Chapter 1, 3, 14, 15, 19 and 25. Some facts and Figures. In Australians in Italy: Contemporary lives and impressions. Clayton, Vic: Monash University Press.
  9. doi:10.1111/etho.12173
    .
  10. ^
    ISSN 1449-2946
    .
  11. ^
    ISSN 0727-3215
    .
  12. ^ a b c "ETIAS Visa - European Travel Authorisation Visa - ETIAS Europe". www.etiaseurope.eu. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  13. ^ a b "Italy - Highly-qualified worker". immigration-portal.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  14. ^
    doi:10.1111/imig.12122
    .
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-1-61643-089-4
    .
  16. ^ a b c Johnston, E. (2003). "Eris O'Brien: Historian and Scholar". Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society. 24: 17–30. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d Boland, T. P. (1996). Gilroy, Sir Norman Thomas (1896–1977). Retrieved 12 October 2020, from http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gilroy-sir-norman-thomas-10308
  18. ^ a b Department of Home Affairs. (2018). Italy-born Community Information Summary. Retrieved 11 October 2020, from https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-italy.PDF
  19. ^ a b COASIT, I. (n.d.). Italian Migration 1945–1970. Retrieved 11 October 2020, from http://coasit.com.au/IHS/facts/pdf/Italian_migration_1945_1970.pdf
  20. S2CID 147256944
    .
  21. ^
    doi:10.1353/jsh/3.3.249
    .
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kent, F. W., Pesman, R., & Troup, C. (2008). Australians in Italy: Contemporary lives and impressions. Clayton, Vic: Monash University ePress.
  23. ^ ANEA Associazione Nazionale Emigrati ed ex-Emigrati in Australia e Americhe – Home. (n.d.). Retrieved 27 October 2020, from http://www.anea76.it/
  24. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2014.07.002
    .
  25. ^ a b Dwyer, L. (2010). Migration related determinants of Australian inbound and outbound tourism flows. Parkwood, Gold Coast, QLD: CRC for SustainableTourism.
  26. ^ Prakapiene, D.; Olberkyte, L. (2013). "Using Educational Tourism in Geographical Education" (PDF). Review of International Geographical Education Online. 3 (2): 139–151.
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