Australians

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the peoples of Australia. For Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, see Indigenous Australians. For other uses, see Australian (disambiguation).

Australians
Total population
26,518,400
in Australia (2023)[1]
Map of the Australian diaspora
Map of the Australian diaspora

Common ancestries: English, Aboriginal Australian, Irish, New Zealander, German, Italian, Chinese, and Indian.
Regions with significant populations
Australian diaspora: 577,255 (2019)[2]
 United Kingdom165,000 (2021)[3]
 United States98,969 (2019)[4]
 New Zealand75,696 (2018)[5]
 Vietnam22,000 (2013)[6]
 Canada21,115 (2016)[7]
 South Korea15,222 (2019)[8]
 Hong Kong14,669 (2016)[9]
100,000[10]
 Germany13,600 (2020)[11]
 Mainland China13,286 (2010)[12]
 Japan12,024 (2019)[13]
 Turkey13,286 (2010)[14]
Languages
English;[15]
Religion
Christianity (Catholicism, Anglicanism and other denominations), various non-Christian religions and irreligion[A][18]

Australians, colloquially known as Aussies, are the citizens, nationals and individuals associated with the country of Australia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or ethno-cultural.[19] For most Australians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Australian. Australian law does not provide for a racial or ethnic component of nationality, instead relying on citizenship as a legal status.

Since the postwar period, Australia has pursued an official policy of

world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30 percent of the population in 2019.[20][21]

Between European colonisation in 1788 and the

Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles in the United Kingdom and Ireland (principally England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. Many early settlements were initially penal colonies to house transported convicts. Immigration increased steadily, with an explosion of population in the 1850s following a series of gold rushes. In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. Since the late 1970s, following the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, a large and continuing wave of immigration to Australia from around the world has continued into the 21st century, with Asia now being the largest source of immigrants.[22] A smaller proportion of Australians are descended from Australia's indigenous people, comprising Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders
.

The development of a distinctive Australian identity and national character began in the 19th century. The primary language is Australian English. Australia is home to a diversity of cultures, a result of its history of immigration.[23] Since 1788, Australian culture has primarily been a Western culture strongly influenced by early Anglo-Celtic settlers.[24][25] As the Asian Australian population continues to expand and flourish as a result of changes in the demographic makeup of immigrants and as there has been increased economic and cultural intercourse with Asian nations, Australia has observed the gradual emergence of a "Eurasian society" within its major urban hubs, blending both European and Asian material and popular culture within a distinctly Australian context. Other influences include Australian Aboriginal culture, the traditions brought to the country by waves of immigration from around the world,[26] and the culture of the United States.[27] The cultural divergence and evolution that has occurred over the centuries since European settlement has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture.[28][29]

Overview

The majority of Australians or their ancestors immigrated within the past three centuries, with the exception of the indigenous population and others from outlying islands who became Australian through expansion of the country.[citation needed]

Australians are referred to as "

northern hemisphere.[30][31]

The primary law governing nationality regulations is the Australian Citizenship Act 2007, which

came into force on 1 July 2007. Regulations apply to all states and territories of Australia. All persons born in Australia before 20 August 1986 were automatically citizens at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country after that date receive Australian citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is an Australian citizen or permanent resident. Foreign nationals may be granted citizenship after living in the country for at least four years while holding permanent residency and showing proficiency in the English language.[citation needed
]

History

Main articles: History of Australia and Immigration history of Australia

The

Australian states. Large-scale immigration occurred following a series of gold rushes in the 1850s and after the First and Second World Wars, with many post-World War II migrants coming from Southern and Eastern Europe. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, immigrants to Australia have come from around the world, and from Asia in particular.[22]

The predominance of the

Australian citizenship, Australians had the status of "British subjects".[33] The High Court of Australia in Potter v Minahan (1908) stated that "Although there is no Australian nationality as distinguished from British nationality, there is an Australian species of British nationality."[34]

Ancestries

The

ancestries each census.[35] These ancestry responses are classified into broad standardised ancestry groups.[36] At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses within each standardised group as a proportion of the total population was as follows:[37] 57.2% European (including 46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European), 33.8% (including 29.9% Australian) Oceanian[N 1], 17.4% Asian (including 6.5% Southern and Central Asian, 6.4% North-East Asian, and 4.5% South-East Asian), 3.2% North African and Middle Eastern, 1.4% Peoples of the Americas, and 1.3% Sub-Saharan African. At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:[39]

European Australians

Main articles: European Australians and Anglo-Celtic Australians

Anglo-Celtic Australians.[38] Since soon after the beginning of British settlement in 1788, people of European descent have formed the majority of the population in Australia.[40]

The largest statistical grouping of European Australians are

better source needed] The census of 1901 showed that 98 percent of Australians had Anglo-Celtic ancestral origins.[51] In 1939 and 1945, still 98 percent of Australians had Anglo-Celtic ancestral origins.[52] Until 1947, the vast majority of the population were of British origin.[53]

Germans formed the largest non-British Isles ancestry for most of the 19th century.

Second World War, large numbers of continental Europeans immigrated to Australia, with Italian Australians and Greek Australians being among the largest immigrant groups during the post-war era. During the 1950s, Australia was the destination of 30 per cent of Dutch emigrants and the Netherlands-born became numerically the second largest non-British group in Australia.[57]
In 1971, 70 percent of the foreign born were of European origin.

ethnic group in Australia, with the 2021 census finding 4.4% of the population claiming ancestry from Italy be they migrants to Australia or their descendants born in Australia of Italian heritage.[58][59] Australia's long-history of Italian immigration has given rise to an Italo-Australian dialect
of the Italian language.

German ancestry. The German community constitutes the second largest non-Anglo Celtic European ethnic group in Australia, amounting to 4% of respondents in the 2021 Census.[60] Germans formed the largest non-English-speaking group in Australia up to the 20th century.[61] Old Lutherans emigrated in response to the 1817 Prussian Union and organized churches both among themselves and with other German speakers, such as the Kavel-Fritzsche Synod.[citation needed] Although a few individuals had emigrated earlier,[62] the first large group of Germans arrived in South Australia 1838, not long after the British colonisation of South Australia. These "Old Lutherans" were from Province of Brandenburg (then a Prussian province), and were trying to preserve their traditional faith.[citation needed
]

Asian Australians

Main article: Asian Australians

Asian Australians are Australians with ancestry wholly or partially from the continent of Asia. At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses categorised within the Asian groups as a proportion of the total population amounted to 17.4% (including 6.5% Southern and Central Asian, 6.4% North-East Asian, and 4.5% South-East Asian).[37][36] This figure excludes Australians of Middle Eastern ancestry, who are separately categorised within the North African and Middle Eastern group.

Cairns Chinatown).[64]

Indian Australians are Australians of Indian ancestry, and are the second-largest Asian Australian ancestry, comprising 3.1% of the total population.[65] Indian Australians are one of the largest groups within the Indian diaspora. Indians are the youngest average age (34 years) and the fastest growing community both in terms of absolute numbers and percentages in Australia.[20] Migration of Indians to Australia followed the pattern of "from 18th-century sepoys and lascars (soldiers and sailors) aboard visiting European ships, through 19th-century migrant labourers and the 20th century's hostile policies to the new generation of skilled professional migrants of the 21st century... India became the largest source of skilled migrants in the 21st century."[66]

Indigenous Australians

Aboriginal Australians, 1981
Australian Aboriginal Flag
Main articles: Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal Australians, and Torres Strait Islanders

Indigenous Australians are descendants of the original inhabitants of the Australian continent.[67] Their ancestors are believed to have migrated from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago[68] and arrived in Australia around 50,000 years ago.[69][70] The Torres Strait Islanders are a distinct people of Melanesian ancestry, indigenous to the Torres Strait Islands, which are at the northernmost tip of Queensland near Papua New Guinea, and some nearby settlements on the mainland. The term "Aboriginal" is traditionally applied to only the indigenous inhabitants of mainland Australia and Tasmania, along with some of the adjacent islands. Indigenous Australians is an inclusive term used when referring to both Aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders, i.e.: the "first peoples".

Dispersing across the Australian continent over time, the population expanded and differentiated into hundreds of distinct groups, each with its own language and culture.

distinct Australian Aboriginal peoples have been identified across the continent, distinguished by unique names designating their ancestral languages, dialects, or distinctive speech patterns.[72]

In 1770, fearing he had been pre-empted by the French, James Cook changed a hilltop signal-drill on Possession Island in Torres Strait, into a possession ceremony, fabricating Britain's claim of Australia's east coast.[73] Eighteen years later, the east coast was occupied by Britain and later the west coast was also settled by Britain. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have been between 315,000 and 750,000,[74] divided into as many as 500 tribes[citation needed] speaking many different languages.

At the 2021 census, 3.2% of the Australian population identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[N 4][75] Indigenous Australians experience higher than average rates of imprisonment and unemployment, lower levels of education, and life expectancies for males and females that are, respectively, 11 and 17 years lower than those of non-indigenous Australians.[76][77] Some remote Indigenous communities have been described as having "failed state"-like conditions.[78]

Country of birth

In 2019, 30% of the Australian resident population, or 7,529,570 people, were born overseas.[20]

The following table shows Australia's population by country of birth as estimated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2021. It shows only countries or regions or birth with a population of over 100,000 residing in Australia.

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021)[79]
Place of birth Estimated resident population[B]
Total Australian-born 18,235,690
Total foreign-born 7,502,450
United Kingdom England, Scotland, Wales
and Northern Ireland[C] 		967,390
India India 710,380
China China[D] 595,630
New Zealand New Zealand 559,980
Philippines Philippines 310,620
Vietnam Vietnam 268,170
South Africa South Africa 201,930
Malaysia Malaysia 172,250
Italy Italy 171,520
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 145,790
Scotland Scotland[E] 130,060
Nepal Nepal 129,870
United States United States 109,450
Germany Germany 107,940
South Korea South Korea 106,560
Hong Kong Hong Kong[F] 104,990
Greece Greece 100,650

For more information about immigration see Immigration to Australia and Foreign-born population of Australia.

Language

Main article: Languages of Australia

Although Australia has no official language, English has always been entrenched as the

General Australian
serves as the standard dialect.

At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are

Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact,[84] of which fewer than twenty are still in daily use by all age groups.[85][86] About 110 others are spoken exclusively by older people.[86] At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.[87] Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 10,112 deaf people who reported that they use Auslan language at home in the 2016 census.[88]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Australia

Australia has no official religion; its Constitution prohibits the Commonwealth government, but not the states, from establishing one, or interfering with the freedom of religion.[89]

At the 2021 Census, 38.9% of the population identified as having

Second World War has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%), Hinduism (2.7%), Buddhism (2.4%), Sikhism (0.8%), and Judaism (0.4%).[90]

In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions.

sacred era in which ancestral totemic spirit beings formed The Creation. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.[92]

Population

The current Australian resident population is estimated at 27,574,000 (26 April 2024).

lowest proportions worldwide.[94]
This ratio is much lower than many other countries in the OECD.

Historical population

The data in the table is sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics[95][96] The population estimates do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population prior to European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable population of around 750,000.[97]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The ABS gives the following "Explanatory Information" regarding census interpretation of irreligion: "'No religion' is equivalent to 'Secular Beliefs and Other Spiritual Beliefs and No Religious Affiliation'. For further details, see the Census of Population and Housing: Census Dictionary (cat. no. 2901.0)"[17]
  2. ^ Only countries with 100,000 or more are listed here.
  3. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics source lists England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland separately although they are all part of the United Kingdom. They are not combined because they are not combined in the source.
  4. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, Mainland China, Taiwan and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
  5. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics source lists England and Scotland separately although they are both part of the United Kingdom. These should not be combined as they are not combined in the source.
  6. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, Mainland China, Taiwan and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
  1. European ancestry.[38]
  2. Anglo-Celtic ancestry.[38]
  3. ^ Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include Torres Strait Islanders. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.
  4. ^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

References

  1. ^ "Australian Demographic Statistics, Sep 2019". Australian Bureau of Statistics. June 2023. Catalogue number - 3101.0 -. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  2. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019), International Migrant Stock 2019, UN database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2019; spreadsheet file: XLSX, archived from the original on 9 March 2021, retrieved 22 January 2022
  3. ^ "Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  4. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  5. ^ "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  6. ^ "AsiaLIFE HCMC February 2013: Australians in Vietnam". Issuu.com. 1 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  7. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (25 October 2017). "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables - Immigrant population by place of birth, period of immigration, 2016 counts, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  8. ^ "문서뷰어". viewer.moj.go.kr. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  9. ^ "Main Tables | 2016 Population By-census". www.bycensus2016.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  10. ^ https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/hong-kong/hong-kong-brief#:~:text=Hong%20Kong%20is%20home%20to,Hong%20Kong%20live%20in%20Australia.
  11. ^ Statistisches Bundesamt. "Ausländische Bevölkerung Ergebnisse des Ausländerzentralregisters" (PDF). Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit [Population and employment] [Foreign Population: Results of the Central Register of Foreigners] (Report) (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  12. ^ National Bureau of Statistics of China (29 April 2011). "Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census". www.stats.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  13. ^ "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） 在留外国人統計 月次 2019年12月 | ファイル | 統計データを探す". 政府統計の総合窓口 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  14. ^ "Numbers of Australians Overseas in 2001 by Region - Southern Cross Group" (PDF). www.southern-cross-group.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  15. ^ "2011 Census QuickStats". Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015.
  16. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2017). "2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016". www.abs.gov.au. No. Cultural Diversity in Australia, 2016. Canberra: Australian Government. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  17. ^ "Religion in Australia, 2016: Feature article". Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  18. ^ "Religion in Australia: 2016 CENSUS DATA SUMMARY". Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  19. ^ "Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  20. ^ a b c "Table 5.1 Estimated resident population, by country of birth(a), Australia, as at 30 June, 1996 to 2019(b)(c)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  21. ^ "The Evolution of Australia's Multicultural Policy". Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. 2005. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2007.
  22. ^ a b "2018-19 Migration Program Report" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs (Australia). p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  23. ^ "Face the Facts: Cultural Diversity". Australian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  24. ^ Jupp1, pp. 796–802
  25. ^ Teo & White 2003, pp. 118–20
  26. ^ Jupp1, pp. 808–812, 74–77
  27. S2CID 144339300
    .
  28. ^ Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998, pp. 98–99
  29. ^ Teo & White 2003, pp. 125–27
  30. ^ Princeton University WordNet. "Aussie". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  31. ^ "Antipodean". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  32. ISBN 9780521668972. Archived
    from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  33. ^ "Minister for Immigration Arthur Calwell when he proclaimed in his speech to parliament announcing the 1948 Nationality and Citizenship Act that 'to say one is an Australian is, of course, to indicate beyond all doubt that one is British'." – A. Haebich, Spinning the Dream: Assimilation in Australia 1950–1970, 2008, p. 67
  34. ^ Potter v Minahan [1908] HCA 63; 7 CLR 277.
  35. ^ "Understanding and using Ancestry data". 28 June 2022. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  36. ^ a b c "Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG), 2019 | Australian Bureau of Statistics". 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  37. ^ a b c "2021 Census Ancestries Data". abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  38. ^
    Commonwealth of Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived
    from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  39. ^ "2021 Census Community Profiles: Australia". Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  40. ^ "The Australian People". study.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  41. ^ James Jupp (January 1995). Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.). "Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)". Year Book Australia, 1995. ABS Catalogue No. 1301.0. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  42. ^ "HISTORICAL RECORDS REVEAL OZ ANCESTORS OF 16 MILLION BRITS". Ancestryeurope.lu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  43. ^ J. Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, 2007, p. 16
  44. ^ Sood, Suemedha. "Australia's penal colony roots". BBC. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  45. ^ J. Jupp, The English in Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 27
  46. ^ R. Watts, P. Trudgill, Alternative Histories of the English Language, Routledge, 2002, p. 70
  47. ^ B. Kachru, Y. Kachru, C. Nelson, The Handbook of World Englishes, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 295
  48. ^ C. Meierkord, Interactions across Englishes: Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations (Studies in English Language), Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 37
  49. ISBN 9780774816595
    .
  50. ^ "history essay – Queensland Migration Heritage Hub" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  51. ISBN 9781863730174
    .
  52. ISBN 978-981-234-799-2
    .
  53. ISBN 978-0868406657
    .
  54. ^ G. Leitner, Australia's Many Voices: Australian English—The National Language, 2004, p. 79
  55. ^ V. Colic-Peisker, Migration, Class and Transnational Identities: Croatians in Australia and America (Studies of World Migrations), 2008, p. 72
  56. ^ J. Abowd, R. Freeman, Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market, 2007, p. 386
  57. ^ "Netherlands country profile". Dfat.gov.au. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
  58. ISBN 9780521537780
    – via Google Books.
  59. ^ "2021 Census Community Profiles: Australia". Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  60. ^ "2021 Census Community Profiles: Australia". Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  61. ^ G. Leitner, Australia's Many Voices: Australian English – The National Language, 2004, p. 181
  62. ^ "09/06/1837-16/10/1837: Solway [Hamburg to Nepean Bay]". Passengers in History. 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  63. ^ "2021 Census Community Profiles: Australia". Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  64. ^ "99 Grafton St (entry 602511)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  65. ^ "2021 Census Community Profiles: Australia". Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  66. ^ The story of the Indian diaspora in Australia and New Zealand is 250 years old Archived 22 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, qz.com, 30 October 2018.
  67. ^ "About Australia:Our Country". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2013. Australia's first inhabitants, the Aboriginal people, are believed to have migrated from some unknown point in Asia to Australia between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago.
  68. PMID 21940856
    .
  69. ^ Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (22 September 2011). "Aboriginal Australians descend from the first humans to leave Africa, DNA sequence reveals". Imperial College London. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  70. ^ iCommunity Newsletter (April 2012). "Sequencing Uncovers a 9,000 Mile Walkabout" (PDF). illumina Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  71. ISBN 0-521-35946-5
    .
  72. ISBN 0-85575-234-3
    .
  73. ISBN 9780648043966
    .
  74. ^ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population". 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2008. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  75. ^ "2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  76. ^ Lunn, Stephen (26 November 2008). "Life gap figures not black and white". The Australian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  77. ^ Gibson, Joel (10 April 2009). "Indigenous health gap closes by five years". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  78. ^ Grattan, Michelle (8 December 2006). "Australia hides a 'failed state'". Melbourne: The Age. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  79. ^ "Table 5.1 Estimated resident population, by country of birth(a), Australia, as at 30 June, 1996 to 2021(b)(c)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  80. ^ "Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies?". 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2009. "English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language."
  81. ^ Moore, Bruce. "The Vocabulary Of Australian English" (PDF). National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  82. ^ "The Macquarie Dictionary", Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005.
  83. ^ "2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  84. ISBN 978-0-521-33983-4. Archived
    from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  85. ^ "A mission to save indigenous languages". Australian Geographic. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  86. ^ a b "National Indigenous Languages Survey Report 2005". Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  87. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (4 May 2010). "4713.0 – Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006". Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  88. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (9 August 2016). "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". 2016 Census Tables : Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  89. ^ "116. Commonwealth not to legislate in respect of religion". Constitution of Australia. Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  90. ^ a b c d "2021 Census Community Profiles: Australia". Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  91. ^ "2001 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  92. ^ Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 163-69
  93. ^ Australian Official Population Clock Archived 30 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The Australian Official Population Clock automatically updates daily at 00:00 UTC.
  94. ^ "United Nations Population Division – Department of Economic and Social Affairs". Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  95. ^ TABLE 2. Population by sex, states and territories, 30 June 1901 onwards. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
  96. ^ TABLE 1.1. Population by sex, states and territories, 31 December 1788 onwards Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5 August 2008.
  97. ^ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population". 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2002. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 August 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2009.

Citation

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australians&oldid=1218910481"