Automotive electronics

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Automotive electronics are

electric cars
.

Electronic systems have become an increasingly large component of the cost of an automobile, from only around 1% of its value in 1950 to around 30% in 2010.

autonomous cars
will rely on powerful computer systems, an array of sensors, networking, and satellite navigation, all of which will require electronics.

History

The earliest electronic systems available as factory installations were

transistorized ignition systems appearing in 1963.[2]

The emergence of

metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology led to the development of modern automotive electronics.[3] The MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor), invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959,[4][5] led to the development of the power MOSFET by Hitachi in 1969,[6] and the single-chip microprocessor by Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971.[7]

The development of

Electronic Skid Prevention (ESP), and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).[8]

In the early 1970s, the

6802 microprocessor. Electronically-controlled ignition and fuel injection systems allowed automotive designers to achieve vehicles meeting requirements for fuel economy and lower emissions, while still maintaining high levels of performance and convenience for drivers. Today's automobiles contain a dozen or more processors, in functions such as engine management, transmission control, climate control, antilock braking, passive safety systems, navigation, and other functions.[12]

The power MOSFET and the

actuators, typically controlled by power MOSFETs or other power semiconductor devices.[13]

Another important technology that enabled modern highway-capable

John Goodenough, Rachid Yazami and Akira Yoshino in the 1980s,[19] and commercialized by Sony and Asahi Kasei in 1991.[20] The lithium-ion battery was responsible for the development of electric vehicles capable of long-distance travel, by the 2000s.[18]

Types

Automotive electronics or automotive embedded systems are distributed systems, and according to different domains in the automotive field, they can be classified into:

  1. Engine electronics
  2. Transmission electronics
  3. Chassis electronics
  4. Passive safety
  5. Driver assistance
  6. Passenger comfort
  7. Entertainment systems
  8. Electronic integrated cockpit systems

On average, a 2020s car has 50—150 chips, according to Chris Isidore of CNN Business.[21]

Engine electronics

One of the most demanding electronic parts of an automobile is the engine control unit (ECU). Engine controls demand one of the highest real-time deadlines, as the engine itself is a very fast and complex part of the automobile. Of all the electronics in any car, the computing power of the engine control unit is the highest, typically a 32-bit processor.[citation needed]

A modern car may have up to 100 ECU's and a commercial vehicle up to 40.[citation needed]

An engine ECU controls such functions as:

In a diesel engine:

In a gasoline engine:

  • Lambda control
  • OBD (On-Board Diagnostics)
  • Cooling system control
  • Ignition system control
  • Lubrication system control (only a few have electronic control)
  • Fuel injection rate control
  • Throttle control

Many more engine parameters are actively monitored and controlled in real-time. There are about 20 to 50 that measure pressure, temperature, flow, engine speed, oxygen level and NOx level plus other parameters at different points within the engine. All these sensor signals are sent to the ECU, which has the logic circuits to do the actual controlling. The ECU output is connected to different actuators for the throttle valve, EGR valve, rack (in VGTs), fuel injector (using a pulse-width modulated signal), dosing injector and more. There are about 20 to 30 actuators in all.

Transmission electronics

These control the transmission system, mainly the shifting of the gears for better shift comfort and to lower torque interrupt while shifting.

Automatic transmissions
use controls for their operation, and also many semi-automatic transmissions having a fully automatic clutch or a semi-auto clutch (declutching only). The engine control unit and the transmission control exchange messages, sensor signals and control signals for their operation.

Chassis electronics

The chassis system has a lot of sub-systems which monitor various parameters and are actively controlled:

  • ABS –
    Anti-lock Braking System
  • ASR / TCS –
    Anti Slip Regulation
    / Traction Control System
  • BAS –
    Brake Assist
  • EBD –
    Electronic Brakeforce Distribution
  • EDC –
    Electronic Damper Control
  • EDS – Electronic Differential Slippery
  • ESP –
    Electronic Stability Program
  • ETS –
    Enhanced Traction System
  • PA – Parking Assistance

Passive safety

Main article:
Passive safety

These systems are always ready to act when there is a collision in progress or to prevent it when it senses a dangerous situation:

Driver assistance

Main article:
Advanced driver-assistance systems
  • Lane assist systems
  • Speed assist system
  • Blind spot detection
  • Park assist system
  • Adaptive cruise control system
  • Pre-collision Assist

Passenger comfort

  • Automatic climate control
  • Electronic seat adjustment with memory
  • Automatic wipers
  • Automatic headlamps - adjusts beam automatically
  • Automatic cooling - temperature adjustment

Entertainment systems

All of the above systems form an infotainment system. Developmental methods for these systems vary according to each manufacturer. Different tools are used for both hardware and software development.

Electronic integrated cockpit systems

These are new generation hybrid ECUs that combine the functionalities of multiple ECUs of Infotainment Head Unit, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Instrument Cluster, Rear Camera/Parking Assist, Surround View Systems etc. This saves on the cost of electronics as well as mechanical/physical parts like interconnects across ECUs etc. There is also a more centralized control so data can be seamlessly exchanged between the systems.

There are of course challenges too. Given the complexity of this hybrid system, a lot more rigor is needed to validate the system for robustness, safety and security. For example, if the infotainment system's application which could be running an open-source Android OS is breached, there could be possibility of hackers to take control of the car remotely and potentially misuse it for anti-social activities. Typically so, usage of a hardware+software enabled hypervisors are used to virtualize and create separate trust and safety zones that are immune to each other's failures or breaches. Lot of work is happening in this area and potentially will have such systems soon if not already.

Functional safety requirements

In order to minimize the risk of dangerous failures, safety-related electronic systems have to be developed following the applicable product liability requirements. Disregard for, or inadequate application of these standards can lead to not only personal injuries, but also severe legal and economic consequences such as product cancellations or recalls.

The

concept phase
until its decommissioning.

Security

See also: Automotive security

As more functions of the automobile are connected to short- or long-range networks,

keyless entry rely on cryptographic techniques to ensure "replay" or "man-in-the-middle attacks" attacks cannot record sequences to allow later break-in to the automobile.[22]

In 2015 the German general automobile club commissioned an investigation of the vulnerabilities of one manufacturer's electronics system, which could have led to such exploits as unauthorized remote unlocking of the vehicle.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ https://www.statista.com/statistics/277931/automotive-electronics-cost-as-a-share-of-total-car-cost-worldwide/ Automotive electronics cost as a share of total car cost, retrieved July 11, 2017
  2. ^ VinceC (2019-05-07). "Automotive History: Electronic Ignition – Losing the Points, Part 1". Curbside Classic. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  3. ^
    ISSN 0725-2986
    .
  4. ^ "1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum.
  5. ^ "Who Invented the Transistor?". Computer History Museum. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  6. ISBN 9780824780500
    .
  7. ^ "1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  8. ISSN 0161-7370
    .
  9. ^ "Trends in the Semiconductor Industry: 1970s". Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  10. ^ "1973: 12-bit engine-control microprocessor (Toshiba)" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  11. ISBN 9780824722609
    .
  12. ^ http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/significant-bits/4024611/Motoring-with-microprocessors Motoring with microprocessors, retrieved July 11, 2017
  13. ^
    ISBN 9781420028157
    .
  14. ^ a b "Design News". Design News. 27 (1–8). Cahners Publishing Company: 275. 1972. Today, under contracts with some 20 major companies, we're working on nearly 30 product programs—applications of MOS/LSI technology for automobiles, trucks, appliances, business machines, musical instruments, computer peripherals, cash registers, calculators, data transmission and telecommunication equipment.
  15. ^ "NIHF Inductee Bantval Jayant Baliga Invented IGBT Technology". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  16. ST Microelectronics
    . 11 September 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  17. ^ "Automotive Power MOSFETs" (PDF). Fuji Electric. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  18. ^
    ISBN 9781782423980
    .
  19. ^ "IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies Recipients". IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  20. ^ "Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices – keyword 1991". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  21. ^ Chris Isidore (22 Mar 2021) Computer chip shortage starting to hit automakers where it hurts
  22. ^ https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1279038 Tech Trends:Security concerns for next-generation automotive electronics, retrieved November 11, 2017
  23. ^ Auto, öffne dich! Sicherheitslücken bei BMWs ConnectedDrive Archived 2020-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, c't, 2015-02-05.

Further reading

  • William B. Ribbens and Norman P. Mansour (2003). Understanding automotive electronics (6th ed.). Newnes.
    ISBN 9780750675994
    .

External links
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