Babylonian star catalogues
Star catalogues after Three Stars Each include the
Three Stars Each
The first formal compendia of star lists are the Three Stars Each texts appearing from about the twelfth century BC. They represent a tripartite division of the heavens: the northern hemisphere belonged to
MUL.APIN
The second formal compendium of stars in Babylonian astronomy is the MUL.APIN, a pair of tablets named for their incipit, corresponding to the first constellation of the year, MULAPIN "The Plough", identified with Triangulum plus Gamma Andromedae. The list is a direct descendant of the Three Stars Each list, reworked around 1000 BC on the basis of more accurate observations. They include more constellations, including most circumpolar ones, and more of the zodiacal ones.
The Babylonian star catalogues entered
- Taurus "The Bull", from (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾) MULGU4.AN.NA "The Steer of Heaven", marking vernal equinox
- Leo "The Lion", from (𒀯𒌨) MULUR.GU.LA "The Lion", marking summer solstice
- Scorpius "The Scorpion", from (𒀯𒄈𒋰) MULGIR.TAB "The Scorpion", marking autumn equinox
- Ea.
There are other constellation names which can be traced to Bronze Age origins, including Gemini "The Twins", from (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲) MULMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL "The Great Twins", Cancer "The Crab", from (𒀯𒀠𒇻) MULAL.LUL "The Crayfish", among others.
The MUL.APIN gives
- a catalogue of 71 stars and constellations of the "Three Ways" of the Three Stars Each tradition. The star names (prefixed with MUL 𒀯) are listed with the associated deity (prefix DINGIR𒀭) and often some other brief epithet.
- dates of heliacal risings
- pairs of constellations which rise and set simultaneously
- time-intervals between dates of heliacal risings
- pairs of constellations which are simultaneously at the zenith and at the horizon
- the path of the moon and planets.
- a solar calendar
- the planets and the durations of their solar conjunctions
- stellar risings and planetary positions for predicting weather and for adjusting the calendar
- telling time by length of the gnomon shadow
- length of night watches during the year
- omens connected with the appearance of stars, planets, MUL.U.RI.RI (comets?), and winds.
Zodiacal constellations
The path of the Moon as given in MUL.APIN consists of 17 or 18 stations, recognizable as the direct predecessors of the 12 sign zodiac. At the beginning of the list with MUL.MUL, the Pleiades, corresponds to the situation in the Early to Middle Bronze Age when the Sun at vernal equinox was close to the Pleiades in Taurus (closest in the 23rd century BCE), and not yet in Aries.[3][4]
Sumerian | Akkadian | Translation | Western Equivalent | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | MULMUL - 𒀯𒀯 | zappu | "The Star Cluster (Star of Stars)" or "The Bristle" | the Pleiades |
2. | MULGU4.AN.NA - 𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾 | alû/lê | "The Bull of Heaven" | Taurus and Hyades |
3. | MULSIPA.ZI.AN.NA - 𒀯𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾 | šitaddaru or šidallu | "The Loyal Shepherd of Heaven" | Orion |
4. | MULŠU.GI - 𒀯𒋗𒄀 | šību | "The Old One" | Perseus |
5. | MULZUBI or MULGAM3 - 𒀯𒉽𒈿 | gamlu | "The Scimitar" or "The Crook" | Auriga |
6. | MULMAŠ.TAB.BA(.GAL.GAL) - 𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀(𒃲𒃲) | māšu or tū'āmū rabûtu | "The (Great) Twins" | Gemini |
7. | MULAL.LUL - 𒀯𒀠𒈜 | alluttu | "The Crayfish" | Cancer |
8. | 1. MULUR.GU.LA - 𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
2. MULUR.MAḪ - 𒀯𒌨𒈤 |
urgulû or nēšu |
2. "The Lion" |
Leo |
9. | MULABSIN3 - 𒀯𒀳 | absinnu or šer'u | "The Seed-Furrow" | Virgo |
10. | 1. MULZI.BA.AN.NA - 𒀯𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
2. MULGIŠ.ERIN2 - 𒀯𒄑𒂟 |
zibānītu | "The Scales" | Libra |
11. | MULGIR2.TAB - 𒀯𒄈𒋰 | zuqaqīpu | "The Cutter" | Scorpius
|
12. | MULPA.BIL2.SAG - 𒀯𒉺𒉋𒊕 | pabilsaĝ | "The God Pabilsaĝ" or "The Overseer" | Sagittarius |
13. | MULSUḪUR.MAŠ2(.KU6) - 𒀯𒋦𒈧(𒄩) | suḫurmāšu | "The Goat-Fish" | Capricorn
|
14. | MULGU.LA - 𒀯𒄖𒆷 | ṣinundu, ku-ur-ku or rammanu | "The Great One" | Aquarius |
15. | 1. MULKUN.MEŠ - 𒀯𒆲𒎌
2. MULZIB.ME - 𒀯𒍦𒈨 |
zibbātu or zibbāt sinūnūtu | "The Tails" | Pisces |
16. | MULŠIM2.MAḪ - 𒀯𒋆𒈤 | šinūnūtu | "The Great Swallow" | SW Pisces and Epsilon Pegasi |
17. | 1. MULA.NU.NI.TUM - 𒀯𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌈
2. MULLU.LIM - 𒀯𒇻𒅆 |
anunītu or lulīmu | "The Goddess Anunitu " or "The Stag"
|
NE Pisces and Andromeda |
18. | MUL(LU2.)ḪUĜ(.GA2) - 𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷 | agru | "The Farm Worker" | Aries |
The "Tail" and the "Great Swallow" (items 15 and 16 above) have also been read as a single constellation the "Tail of the Swallow" (Pisces). This is the source of the uncertainty over the number of constellations — 17 or 18 — in the Babylonian "zodiac". All constellations of the Iron Age 12-sign zodiac are present among them, most of them with names that clearly identify them, while some reached Greek astronomy with altered names; thus "Furrow" became Virgo, "Pabilsag" Sagittarius, "Great One" Aquarius, "Swallow Tail" Pisces and "Farm Worker" was reinterpreted as Aries.
Virgo, and her main star
Aquarius "The Water-Pourer" represents
The current definition of Pisces is the youngest of the zodiacal constellations. The "Swallow" of Babylonian astronomy included the western fish, but was larger as it included as well parts of Pegasus. The square of Pegasus was the constellation of the "field", shown in the Dendera zodiac between the two fishes. The northern fish and part of Andromeda represented the goddess Anunitum, the "Lady of the Heaven". Late Babylonian sources mention also DU.NU.NU "The Fish-Cord". It is unclear how the "Farm Worker" of the MUL.APIN became Aries "The Ram" of Greek tradition, possibly by a pun or misunderstanding.[5][6]
Somewhere around the 5th century BCE, Babylonian astronomical texts began to describe the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets in terms of 12 equally-spaced signs, each one associated with a zodiacal constellation, each divided into 30 degrees (uš). This normalized zodiac is fixed to the stars and totals 360 degrees.[7]
See also
- Babylonian astrology
- Babylonian calendar
- Constellation
- Enuma Anu Enlil
- Triple deity
- Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa
Notes
- ^ History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.4: Sumerian constellations and star names? Archived 2015-09-07 at the Wayback Machine, by Gary D. Thompson
- ^ History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.5: Elamite lion-bull iconography as constellations? Archived 2012-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, by Gary D. Thompson
- ^ The Origin Of The Zodiac by Gary D. Thompson.
- ^ Sumerian and Akkadian names are cited according to:
Jeremy A. Black; Andrew George; J. N. Postgate (January 2000), A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2Douglas B. Miller; R. Mark Shipp (1 January 1996), An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns,ISBN 978-0-931464-86-7Schramm, Wolfgang (2010), Akkadische Logogramme, Göttinger Beiträge zum Alten Orient, vol. 5 (2nd, revised ed.), Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen,ISBN 978-3-941875-65-4
- ^ Gössmann, Felix (1950). Planetarium Babylonicum (PDF) (in Sumerian and German). Verlag des Päpstlichen Bibelinstituts. p. 91.
- ^ McHugh, John. "How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms" (PDF). Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies. 4: 69–100.
- ISBN 0-387-95136-9
References
- John H. Rogers, "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association 108 (1998) 9–28
- Verderame, Lorenzo, "The Primeval Zodiac: Its Social, Religious, and Mythological Background", in J.A. Rubiño-Martín et al., Cosmology Across Cultures, ASP Conference Series 409, San Francisco, 2009, 151-156.