Andromeda (constellation)
Constellation | |
Abbreviation | And[1] |
---|---|
Genitive | Andromedae |
Pronunciation |
|
Symbolism | 19th) |
Main stars | 16 |
Bayer/Flamsteed stars | 65 |
Stars with planets | 12 |
Stars brighter than 3.00m | 3 |
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly) | 3 |
Brightest star | Alpheratz (α And) (2.07m) |
Messier objects | 3[5] |
Meteor showers | Andromedids (Bielids) |
Bordering constellations | |
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −40°. Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of November. |
Andromeda is one of the 48
Its brightest star,
In Chinese astronomy, the stars that make up Andromeda were members of four different constellations that had astrological and mythological significance; a constellation related to Andromeda also exists in Hindu mythology. Andromeda is the location of the radiant for the Andromedids, a weak meteor shower that occurs in November.
History and mythology
The
Andromeda is known as "the Chained Lady" or "the Chained Woman" in English. It was known as Mulier Catenata ("chained woman") in
It is connected with the constellation Pegasus.Andromeda was one of the original 48
In non-Western astronomy
In traditional
An Arab constellation called "al-Hut" (the fish) was composed of several stars in Andromeda, M31, and several stars in Pisces.
As per Hindu astronomy, Andromeda is known as Devyani Constellation while Cassiopeia is Sharmishta Constellation. Devyani and Sharmishta are wives of King Yayati (Perseus Constellation) who is the earliest patriarch of the Kuru and Yadu Clans that are mentioned frequently in epic Mahabharat. There is an interesting story of these three characters mentioned in Mahabharat. Devyani is the daughter of Guru Shukracharya while Shar.[citation needed]
Hindu legends surrounding Andromeda are similar to the Greek myths. Ancient Sanskrit texts depict Antarmada chained to a rock, as in the Greek myth. Scholars believe that the Hindu and Greek astrological myths were closely linked; one piece of evidence cited is the similarity between the names "Antarmada" and "Andromeda".[9]
Andromeda is also associated with the
In the
Features
Stars
- apparent visual magnitude of 2.1 and a luminosity of 96 L☉.[24] It is 97 light-years from Earth.[25] It represents Andromeda's head in Western mythology, however, the star's traditional Arabic names – Alpheratz and Sirrah, from the phrase surrat al-faras – [20] sometimes translated as "navel of the steed".[12][26][27] The Arabic names are a reference to the fact that α And forms an asterism known as the "Great Square of Pegasus" with 3 stars in Pegasus: α, β, and γ Peg. As such, the star was formerly considered to belong to both Andromeda and Pegasus, and was co-designated as "Delta Pegasi (δ Peg)", although this name is no longer formally used.[10][12][24]
- arcseconds.[11][12][26] British astronomer William Herschel said of the star: "[the] striking difference in the colour of the 2 stars, suggests the idea of a sun and its planet, to which the contrast of their unequal size contributes not a little."[30] The secondary, described by Herschel as a "fine light sky-blue, inclining to green",[30] is itself a double star, with a secondary of magnitude 6.3[11] and a period of 61 years.[24] The system is 358 light-years away.[31] Almach was named for the Arabic phrase ʿAnaq al-Ard, which means "the earth-kid", an obtuse reference to an animal that aids a lion in finding prey.[20][27]
- type B8, 502 light-years from Earth;[33] κ And is a white-hued main-sequence star of type B9 IVn, 168 light-years from Earth;[34] λ And is a yellow-hued giant star of type G8, 86 light-years from Earth;[35] ο And is a blue-white hued giant star of type B6, 679 light-years from Earth;[36] and ψ And is a blue-white hued main-sequence star of type B7, 988 light-years from Earth.[37]
- μ And is a white-hued main-sequence star of type A5 and magnitude 3.9.[29] It is 130 light-years away.[38]
- ξ And (Adhil) is a binary star 217 light-years away. The primary is an orange-hued giant star of type K0.[43]
- π And is a blue-white hued binary star of magnitude 4.3[29] that is 598 light-years away. The primary is a main-sequence star of type B5.[44] Its companion star is of magnitude 8.9.[29]
- 51 And (Nembus[39]) was assigned by Johann Bayer to Perseus, where he designated it "Upsilon Persei (υ Per)", but it was moved to Andromeda by the International Astronomical Union.[45] It is 177 light-years from Earth and is an orange-hued giant star of type K3.[46]
- 54 And was a former designation for φ Per.[12][45]
- 56 And is an optical binary star. The primary is a yellow-hued giant star of type K0 with an apparent magnitude of 5.7[29] that is 316 light-years away.[47] The secondary is an orange-hued giant star of type K0 and magnitude 5.9 that is 990 light-years from Earth.[29]
- R And is a Mira-type variable star with a period of 409 days. Its maximum magnitude is 5.8 and its minimum magnitude is 14.8,[10] and it is at a distance of 1,250 light-years.[48] There are 6 other Mira variables in Andromeda.[24]
- BY Draconis variable star of type M6.[50]
Of the stars brighter than 4th magnitude (and those with measured luminosity), Andromeda has a relatively even distribution of evolved and main-sequence stars.
Deep-sky objects
Andromeda's borders contain many visible distant galaxies.
The future of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies may be interlinked: in about five billion years, the two could potentially begin an Andromeda–Milky Way collision that would spark extensive new star formation.[54]
American astronomer
The Andromeda Galaxy's two main companions, M32 and M110 (also known as NGC 221 and NGC 205, respectively) are faint elliptical galaxies that lie near it.[5][53] M32, visible with a far smaller size of 8.7 by 6.4 arcminutes,[11] compared to M110, appears superimposed on the larger galaxy in a telescopic view as a hazy smudge, M110 also appears slightly larger and distinct from the larger galaxy;[53] M32 is 0.5° south of the core, M110 is 1° northwest of the core.[29] M32 was discovered in 1749 by French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil and has since been found to lie closer to Earth than the Andromeda Galaxy itself.[63] It is viewable in binoculars from a dark site owing to its high surface brightness of 10.1 and overall magnitude of 9.0.[11] M110 is classified as either a dwarf spheroidal galaxy or simply a generic elliptical galaxy. It is far fainter than M31 and M32, but larger than M32 with a surface brightness of 13.2, magnitude of 8.9, and size of 21.9 by 10.9 arcminutes.[11]
The Andromeda Galaxy has a total of 15
Along with the Andromeda Galaxy and its companions, the constellation also features NGC 891 (Caldwell 23), a smaller galaxy just east of Almach. It is a barred spiral galaxy seen edge-on, with a dark dust lane visible down the middle. NGC 891 is incredibly faint and small despite its magnitude of 9.9,[24] as its surface brightness of 14.6 indicates;[11] it is 13.5 by 2.8 arcminutes in size.[24] NGC 891 was discovered by the brother-and-sister team of William and Caroline Herschel in August 1783.[54] This galaxy is at an approximate distance of 30 million light-years from Earth, calculated from its redshift of 0.002.[54]
Andromeda's most celebrated
There is one prominent planetary nebula in Andromeda: NGC 7662 (Caldwell 22).[24] Lying approximately 3 degrees southwest of Iota Andromedae at a distance of about 4,000 light-years from Earth, the "Blue Snowball Nebula"[11] is a popular target for amateur astronomers.[65] It earned its popular name because it appears as a faint, round, blue-green object in a telescope, with an overall magnitude of 9.2.[11][65] Upon further magnification, it is visible as a slightly elliptical annular disk that gets darker towards the center, with a magnitude 13.2 central star.[11][29] The nebula has an overall magnitude of 9.2 and is 20 by 130 arcseconds in size.[24]
Meteor showers
Each November, the Andromedids meteor shower appears to radiate from Andromeda.[66] The shower peaks in mid-to-late November every year, but has a low peak rate of fewer than 2 meteors per hour.[67] Astronomers have often associated the Andromedids with Biela's Comet, which was destroyed in the 19th century, but that connection is disputed.[68] Andromedid meteors are known for being very slow and the shower itself is considered to be diffuse, as meteors can be seen coming from nearby constellations as well as from Andromeda itself.[69] Andromedid meteors sometimes appear as red fireballs.[70][71] The Andromedids were associated with the most spectacular meteor showers of the 19th century; the storms of 1872 and 1885 were estimated to have a peak rate of 2 meteors per second (a zenithal hourly rate of 10,000), prompting a Chinese astronomer to compare the meteors to falling rain.[68][72] The Andromedids had another outburst on December 3–5, 2011, the most active shower since 1885, with a maximum zenithal hourly rate of 50 meteors per hour. The 2011 outburst was linked to ejecta from Comet Biela, which passed close to the Sun in 1649. None of the meteoroids observed were associated with material from the comet's 1846 disintegration. The observers of the 2011 outburst predicted outbursts in 2018, 2023, and 2036.[73]
See also
- Andromeda (Chinese astronomy)
- Qatar-3
References
Citations
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- ^ a b c Allen 1899, pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b c IAU, The Constellations, Andromeda.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i Moore & Tirion 1997, pp. 116–117.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Thompson & Thompson 2007, pp. 66–73.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ridpath, Star Tales Andromeda.
- ^ Pasachoff 2000, p. 132.
- ^ a b c Staal 1988, pp. 7–14, 17.
- ^ "The Andromeda Galaxy and the Double Cluster in al-Sufi's Book of the Fixed Stars". Ian Ridpath's Star Tales. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ a b Bakich 1995, p. 43.
- ^ Bakich 1995, p. 11.
- ^ Pasachoff 2000, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Russell 1922, pp. 469–471.
- ^ a b c d Davis 1944.
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- ^ a b French 2006.
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- ^ SIMBAD Lambda Andromedae.
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- ^ Lunsford, Meteor Shower List 2012.
- ^ a b Jenniskens 2008.
- ^ Lunsford, Activity Nov 19–23 2011.
- ^ Sherrod & Koed 2003, p. 58.
- ^ Jenniskens & Vaubaillon 2007.
- ^ Jenniskens 2006, p. 384.
- ^ Wiegert et al. 2012.
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External links
Media related to Andromeda (category) at Wikimedia Commons
- The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Andromeda
- The clickable Andromeda
- Ian Ridpath's Star Tales – Andromeda
- Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (medieval and early modern images of Andromeda)
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). 1878. p. 22. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 975. .
- . . 1914.