Bactris
Bactris | |
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Bactris gasipaes | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Arecales |
Family: | Arecaceae |
Subfamily: | Arecoideae
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Tribe: | Cocoseae |
Genus: | Bactris Jacq. ex Scop. |
Species | |
See text | |
Synonyms[1] | |
List
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Bactris is a genus of spiny
The ancestors of the genus are believed to have entered South America during the late Cretaceous. Bactris shows high rates of speciation.
Description
Both stems and leaves of Bactris species are generally covered with spines. Stems generally bear spines on the internodes; in B. glaucescens and B. setulosa spines are also present on the nodes. A few species lack spines on their stems. All species have spiny leaves; the spines are often clustered on the petiole or rachis. In some species the spines are only found on the tips of the leaflets.[2]: 4–5 Most species grow in multi-stemmed clumps with stems about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter, but they span a range of sizes from tall trees to shrubs with subterranean stems and are sometimes single-stemmed. Stems can be as narrow as 0.3–0.5 centimetres (0.1–0.2 in) in B. aubletiana or as broad as 25 centimetres (10 in) in B. gasipaes.[2]: 4
The leaves can be either
Taxonomy
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Simplified diagram of the relationship between members of the subtribe Bactridinae, based on phylogeny.[3]
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Relationship between members of the subtribe Bactridinae, based on plastid DNA phylogeny.[4] *Aiphanes aculeata is a botanical synonym of A. horrida. |
Bactris is placed in the
The first species were attributed to the genus by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1763, but a formal description of the genus was only published in 1777 by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli. Later workers split Bactris into several genera (Guilielma, Augustinea, Pyrenoglyphis, Amylocarpus and Yuyba) and described several hundred species.[2] Although earlier authors recognised between 239 and 257 species of Bactris,[6] Andrew Henderson accepted 73 species and a single genus in his 2000 monograph,[2]: 2 while as of 2013 The Plant List included 79 accepted species.[7]
Henderson recognised six informal groups within the genus, but used them only for convenience and did not consider them monophyletic groups. These groups were (1) the Amylocarpus group, (2) the Guilielma group, (3) the Orange-fruited group, (4) the Piranga group, (5) the Purple-fruited group, and (6) the Pyrenoglyphis group.
- Species
- [8]
- Bactris acanthocarpa Mart.
- Bactris acanthocarpoides Barb.Rodr.
- Bactris ana-juliae Cascante
- Bactris aubletiana Trail
- Bactris bahiensis Noblick ex A.J.Hend.
- Bactris balanophora Spruce
- Bactris barronis L.H.Bailey
- Bactris bidentula Spruce
- Bactris bifida Mart.
- Bactris brongniartii Mart.
- Bactris campestris Poepp.
- Bactris caryotifolia Mart.
- Bactris caudata H.Wendl. ex Burret
- Bactris charnleyae de Nevers, A.J.Hend. & Grayum
- Bactris chaveziae A.J.Hend.
- Bactris chocoensis R.Bernal, Galeano, Copete & Cámara-Leret
- Bactris coloniata L.H.Bailey
- Bactris coloradonis L.H.Bailey
- Bactris concinna Mart.
- Bactris constanciae Barb.Rodr.
- Bactris corossilla H.Karst.
- Bactris cubensis Burret
- Bactris cuspidata Mart.
- Bactris dianeura Burret
- Bactris elegans Schaedtler
- Bactris faucium Mart.
- Bactris ferruginea Burret
- Bactris fissifrons Mart.
- Bactris gasipaes Kunth
- Bactris gastoniana Barb.Rodr.
- Bactris glandulosa Oerst.
- Bactris glassmanii Med.-Costa & Noblick ex A.J.Hend.
- Bactris glaucescens Drude
- Bactris gracilior Burret
- Bactris grayumii de Nevers & A.J.Hend.
- Bactris guineensis (L.) H.E.Moore
- Bactris halmoorei A.J.Hend.
- Bactris hatschbachii Noblick ex A.J.Hend.
- Bactris herrerana Cascante
- Bactris hirta Mart.
- Bactris horridispatha Noblick ex A.J.Hend.
- Bactris jamaicana L.H.Bailey
- Bactris killipii Burret
- Bactris kunorum de Nevers & Grayum
- Bactris longiseta H.Wendl. ex Burret
- Bactris macroacantha Mart.
- Bactris major Jacq.
- Bactris manriquei R.Bernal & Galeano
- Bactris maraja Mart.
- Bactris martiana A.J.Hend.
- Bactris mexicana Mart.
- Bactris militaris H.E.Moore
- Bactris × moorei Wess.Boer
- Bactris nancibaensis Granv.
- Bactris obovata Schaedtler
- Bactris oligocarpa Barb.Rodr.
- Bactris oligoclada Burret
- Bactris panamensis de Nevers & Grayum
- Bactris pickelii Burret
- Bactris pilosa H.Karst.
- Bactris pliniana Granv. & A.J.Hend.
- Bactris plumeriana Mart.
- Bactris polystachya Grayum
- Bactris ptariana Steyerm.
- Bactris rhaphidacantha Wess.Boer
- Bactris riparia Mart.
- Bactris rostrata Galeano & R.Bernal
- Bactris schultesii (L.H.Bailey) Glassman
- Bactris setiflora Burret
- Bactris setosa Mart.
- Bactris setulosa H.Karst.
- Bactris simplicifrons Mart.
- Bactris soeiroana Noblick ex A.J.Hend.
- Bactris sphaerocarpa Trail
- Bactris syagroides Barb.Rodr. & Trail
- Bactris tefensis A.J.Hend.
- Bactris timbuiensis H.Q.B.Fern.
- Bactris tomentosa Mart.
- Bactris turbinocarpa Barb.Rodr.
- Bactris vulgaris Barb.Rodr.
Evolutionary history
The subfamily Arecoideae is believed to have evolved in North America about 78 million years ago,[9] and colonised South America during the late Cretaceous before going extinct in North America.[10] The subtribe Bactridinae evolved between 54 and 35 million years ago,[3][9] The ancestors of Bactris diverged from those of Astroacryum between 26 and 36 million years ago.[3] In an analysis of the palm family, it was found that Bactris was one of six palm genera that showed the highest rates of speciation.[10]
Distribution
The genus ranges from Mexico, through Central America and the Caribbean and across much of tropical South America. Diversity is highest in the Amazonian region. Most of the species in the Brazilian
Uses
Bactris gasipaes, the peyibaye or peach palm, was domesticated in pre-Columbian times and is cultivated for its starchy fruit and palm heart throughout the Neotropics, especially in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Costa Rica.[11][12] Other species used for food include B. brongniartii, B. campestris, B. concinna and B. major. Bactris acanthophora and B. campestris are used medicinally, while B. barronis, B. pilosa and B. setulosa are used in construction.[2]: 23–165
References
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
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- ^ "Bactris Jacq. ex Scop". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ JSTOR 4393893.
- ^ .
- .
- JSTOR 25070242.
- ^ de Granville, Jean-Jacques (1992). "The Genus Bactris (Arecaceae), Taxonomy and Distribution in the Guianas" (PDF). Workshop Flora of the Guianas.
- ^ "Bactris". The Plant List. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ "Bactris Jacq. ex Scop". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ .
- ^ .
- S2CID 11291555.
- S2CID 1309496.