Zombia
Zombia | |
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Zombia antillarum at Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, United States | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Arecales |
Family: | Arecaceae |
Subfamily: | Coryphoideae |
Tribe: | Cryosophileae |
Genus: | Zombia L.H. Bailey |
Species: | Z. antillarum
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Binomial name | |
Zombia antillarum | |
Synonyms[2] | |
Chamaerops antillarum Desc. |
Zombia antillarum, commonly known as the zombie palm, is a species of
Description
Zombia antillarum is a small palm which grows in dense, multi-stemmed clumps with stems up to 3 metres (10 ft) tall and 5 centimetres (2 in) in diameter. Individuals bear nine to 12 fan-shaped (or palmate) leaves which are greyish-white on the lower surface.[3] The leaf sheaths remain attached to the stem after the leaf drops off. The intervening tissue gradually degrades, and the woody vascular tissue splits, forming the spines which are characteristic of the species.[4]
The
The species is believed to be wind pollinated.[7]
Taxonomy
Zombia is a monotypic genus: it includes only one species, Z. antillarum. The earliest description of the species is found in the work of French physician and botanist Michel Étienne Descourtilz. In 1821 he placed it in the genus Chamaerops as C. antillarum.[8] Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari independently described the species in 1908, placing it in the genus Coccothrinax (as C. anomala). Recognising that it was distinct enough to be placed in its own genus, American botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey erected the genus Zombia in 1931 to accommodate the species that Descourtilz had described. This generated the combination Z. antillarum. In selecting a name for the genus, Bailey noted that
"it would be preferable if this endemic palm could bear a Latin name indicative of its nativity rather than an exotic binomial of no relation with its country and the people".[6]
In 1941, another American botanist, Orator F. Cook, moved Beccari's C. anomala to a new genus, Oothrinax. This generated a fourth combination, O. anomala. Since Descourtilz's description pre-dates that of Beccari, Zombia antillarum (which is based on Descourtilz's description) has priority over Oothrinax anomala. In addition, Cook's name is invalid, since it was never formally described.[9]
In the first edition of
In 1960, Dominican botanist José de Jesús Jiménez Almonte described a variety of Z. antillarum, which was distinguished from the typical variety by its smaller, pear-shaped fruits with a "dirty yellow" colour. He named this variety Z. antillarum var. gonzalezii.[5] More recent workers have not considered this form distinctive enough to maintain it as a distinct variety.[2]
Evolutionary history
| |||
Simplified phylogeny of the Cryosophileae based on four nuclear genes and the matK plastid gene.[15] |
Ángela Cano and collaborators concluded that the ancestors of the Cryosophileae and its sister taxon, the tribe
Common names
Zombia antillarum is called the Zombie palm[16][17] or Zombi palm[6] by horticulturists. Orator F. Cook coined the name "Haitian cactus palm" due to the spiny appearance of its trunk. In Haiti, it is usually known as latanye zombi (latanier zombi in French; the zombie fan palm), or latanye pikan, (latanier piquant in French, the spiny fan palm). It is also called latanier savanne or latanier marron. Latanye or latanier is a common term for fan palms in Haiti, so these names ("savanna fan palm" and "wild fan palm") are not specific to this species; they are also used for several species of Coccothrinax. In the Dominican Republic, the species is called guanito or guanillo. These are diminutives of guano, which is used for several species of Coccothrinax and Thrinax.[6] In his 1821 description of the species, Descourtilz used the name latanier épineux.[8]
Distribution
Zombia antillarum is
Conservation status
Although listed as "not threatened" in the 2006
Uses
The plant is a popular
In 1821,
Fabienne Boncy Taylor and Joel C. Timyan explored the connection between the "zombie palm" and beliefs about
"we were able to find a link, albeit weak, between the name Zombia and Haitian culture, even though we could not verify that this species is typically associated with zombies".[6]
References
- ^ Timyan, J. 2023. Zombia antillarum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023: e.T201658A2711162. Accessed on 13 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Zombia antillarum". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-691-08537-1.
- ISBN 978-0-19-854572-9.
- ^ a b Jiménez, José de Js. (1960). "Novelties in the Dominican Flora". Rhodora. 62 (741): 235–238.
- ^ S2CID 13464985.
- JSTOR 2387879.
- ^ a b Descourtilz, M.E. (1821). Flore médicale des Antilles, ou, Traité des plantes usuelles: des colonies Françaises, Anglaises, Espagnoles et Portugaises.
- ^ "Oothrinax anomala (Becc.) O. F. Cook, nom. inval". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
- ^ Uhl, Natalie E.; John Dransfield (1987). Genera Palmarum: a classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore Jr. Lawrence, Kansas: The L. H. Bailey Hortorium and the International Palm Society.
- ^ Moore, H.E. (1973). "The Major Groups of Palms and Their Distribution". Gentes Herbarum. 11: 27–140.
- JSTOR 25070242.
- S2CID 40119059.
- ^ Lewis, Carl E.; Scott Zona (2008). "Leucothrinax morrisii, a new name for a familiar Caribbean palm". Palms. 52 (2): 84–88.
- ^ S2CID 90347155.
- ^ a b Corman, Murray J. (1999). "Landscape Palms Available for the New Millennium" (PDF). Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. 112: 251–252. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
- ^ a b Haynes, Jody; John McLaughlin; Laura Vasquez; Adrian Hunsberger (2004). "Low-Maintenance Landscape Plants for South Florida". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (ENH854). Retrieved 2009-03-18.
- .
- ^ García, R., Peguero, B., Jiménez, F., Veloz, A. and Clase, T. 2016. Lista Roja de la Flora Vascular en República Dominicana.
External links
- "Zombia antillarum (Desc.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 242 (1939) | PALMweb". www.palmweb.org. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
- "Zombia images". Fairchild Guide to Palms. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2009-03-27.