Baháʼí Faith in France
Part of a series on the |
Baháʼí Faith |
---|
The Baháʼí Faith in France started after French citizens observed and studied the religion in its native
Early days
Before 1900
A French agent working in Persia reported briefly on the Bábís, teachings brought by the Báb, the forerunner and Prophet-Herald of the Baháʼí Faith, in the 1840s after it originated in 1844.[8]
Though in no way espousing his beliefs,
However, Baháʼu'lláh's tablets had little attention if any in France itself. Instead the French were still occupied much more with the Báb's dramatic life and the persecution his religion and life were subject to. French writer Henri Antoine Jules-Bois says that: "among the littérateurs of my generation, in the Paris of 1890, the martyrdom of the Báb was still as fresh a topic as had been the first news of his death. We wrote poems about him. Sarah Bernhardt entreated Catulle Mendès for a play on the theme of this historic tragedy."[8] The French writer A. de Saint-Quentin also mentioned the religion in a book published in 1891.[8] For all the attention, little penetrated to understanding the religion itself.[15]
In late 1894 May Bolles (later Maxwell) moved to Paris with her mother and brother, who was to attend the École des Beaux-Arts,[16] May's mother hoped the change from living in America would help May find a happy life, however she continued through periods of deep depression and insomnia and even considered entering a convent. In 1897 May lost both her grandmother and cousin whom she was very close to. At age 27, May became obsessed with mortality and became bedridden leading to many of her family members believing she was going to die.[17] In November 1898 family friend Phoebe Hearst, with Lua Getsinger and others, stopped off at Paris. Hearst was shocked to see 28-year-old May bedridden with the chronic malady which had afflicted her.[18] She invited May to sojourn to the East with her, believing the change of air to be conducive to her health. Getsinger also disclosed to May the purpose of the journey: a pilgrimage to visit the then head of the Baháʼí Faith: ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.[17] They arrived in early December. Transformed by the trip in just a few days, May returned to Paris about late-December where she stayed for some time, at the request of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, living as a confirmed Baháʼí and began teaching her new faith.
1898 is considered as the first presence of the religion in France and the beginnings of the first Baháʼí community in Europe.[15][19] That is also the year the French Encyclopaedia of Larousse contained an entry on the Bábí religion.[3]
From 1900 to World War I
About 1900 Frenchman Hippolyte Dreyfus and American Laura Clifford Barney learned of the religion in Paris from Bolles.[20] Dreyfus would be the first French Baháʼí and the couple would marry a decade later.[19]
Barney went to Egypt in the spring of 1901 to see ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and returned with Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání, one of the most erudite scholars of the religion, to Paris, where Anton Haddad translated for him. At the time, Paris had the most important Baháʼí community in Europe and many of those who were becoming Baháʼís there would in later years would be famous in the religion. During Gulpaygani's time there, more than thirty became Baháʼís. From Paris Gulpaygani went to America in the autumn of 1901.[21]
At almost the same time Englishman Thomas Breakwell was also taught the religion by Bolles in the summer of 1901 in Paris.[22] At the request of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Breakwell also took up permanent residence in Paris, where he worked enthusiastically to teach the religion and help develop the first Paris Baháʼí community. Breakwell regularly corresponded with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's secretary and translator Yúnis Khán and was the first western Baháʼí to give the Huqúqu'lláh, a voluntary payment based on any wealth in excess of what is necessary to live comfortably. Breakwell died of tuberculosis on 13 June 1902, barely a year after joining the religion though his father followed him into the religion.
After learning of the Baháʼí Faith in Washington DC near 1898
Bolles also introduced the religion to French-American Edith MacKaye who then moved from Paris to Sion, Switzerland in 1903 as the first Baháʼí to live in that country.[24] Bolles would later leave France, being married in London and moved to Canada.[20][25]
In 1903 Dreyfus went with Lua Getsinger and Edith Sanderson to see ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Over following decades Dreyfus would translate many Baháʼí writings and serve in delegations to the Shah of Persia protesting the treatment of Baháʼís.[20]
Modern Iranian government
Among the translations done by Dreyfus of Baháʼu'lláh's works are the
I do not know how to thank you nor how to express the joy that floods my heart. So it is necessary not only to admit but to love and admire the Báb. Poor great Prophet, born in the heart of Persia, without any means of instruction, and who, alone in the world, encircled by enemies, succeeds by the force of his genius in creating a universal and wise religion. That Baháʼu'lláh succeeded Him eventually may be, but I want people to admire the sublimity of the Báb, who has, moreover, paid with his life, with his blood, for the reforms he preached. Cite me another similar example. At last, I can die in peace. Glory be to Shoghi Effendi who has calmed my torment and my anxieties, glory be to him who recognizes the worth of Siyyid 'Alí-Muhammad, the Báb. I am so happy that I kiss your hands that have written my address on the envelope which carried Shoghi's message. Thank you, Mademoiselle; thank you from the depths of my heart.[30]
Barney and Dreyfus worked together on the editing and translation of
Extending the previous work in the Encyclopaedia of Larousse the Baháʼí Faith was entered into the supplement published in 1906.[33][34]
Circa 1900–1908 Marion Jack, who would go on to be well known for her work in promulgating the religion, learned of the religion in Paris from Mason Remey when she was a student studying painting and architecture.[35]
A decade after they met at Bolles' home, between the journeys of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to France, Laura and Hippolyte married, mutually hyphenated their last names, and continued to serve the religion.
The French Baháʼís were noted as contributing to the North American Baháʼí House of Worship even after facing the January 1910 Great Flood of Paris.[36]
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys in France
Various memoirs cover the travels of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá including in France.[37]
First
The first European trip after leaving Acre Palestine spanned from August to December 1911, at which time he returned to Egypt for the winter. The purpose of these trips was to support the Baháʼí communities in the West and to further spread his father's teachings.[2]
When ʻAbdu'l-Bahá arrived in Marseille, he was greeted by Dreyfus.[38] Dreyfus accompanied ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to Thonon-les-Bains on Lake Geneva that straddles France and Switzerland.[38]
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá stayed in France for a few days before going to Vevey in Switzerland. While in Thonon-les-Bains, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá met Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan, who had asked to meet ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Soltan, who had ordered the execution of King and Beloved of martyrs, was the eldest grandson of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar who had ordered the Execution of the Báb himself. Juliet Thompson, an American Baháʼí who had also come to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá while still in this early phase of his journeys, recorded comments of Dreyfus who heard Soltan's stammering apology for past wrongs. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá embraced him and invited his sons to lunch.[39] Thus Bahram Mírzá Sardar Mass'oud and Akbar Mass'oud, another grandson of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, met with the Baháʼís, and apparently Akbar Mass'oud was greatly affected by meeting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.[40] From then he went to Great Britain.
On return from Great Britain ʻAbdu'l-Bahá stayed in Paris for nine weeks, during which time he stayed at a residence at 4 Avenue de Camoens, and during his time there he was helped by Dreyfus, Barney, and
From almost every day from 16 Oct to 26 Nov he gave talks.
He later remarked that he had visited the Senate chamber of the Parliament but "did not like their system at all, ... there was a turmoil, ... two of them got up and had a fight. ...This is a fiasco! ...Call it a play and not the Parliament."[47]
Second
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá arrived in Paris as part of the second journey on 22 January 1913; the visit would last for a couple months. During his stay in the city, he continued his public talks, as well as meeting with Baháʼís, including locals, those from Germany, and those who had come from the East specifically to meet with him. During this stay in Paris, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's stayed at an apartment at 30 Rue St Didier which was rented for him by (the now married) Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney.[2]
Some of the notables that ʻAbdu'l-Bahá met while in Paris include the Persian minister in Paris, several prominent Ottomans from the previous regime, professor 'Inayatu'llah Khan, and British Orientalist
Tablets of the Divine Plan
Later ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or
In brief, this world-consuming war has set such a conflagration to the hearts that no word can describe it. In all the countries of the world, the longing for universal peace is taking possession of the consciousness of men. There is not a soul who does not yearn for concord and peace. A most wonderful state of receptivity is being realized.... Therefore, O ye believers of God! Show ye an effort and after this war spread ye the synopsis of the divine teachings in the British Isles, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Portugal, Rumania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, San Marino, Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Malta, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Shetland Islands, Hebrides and Orkney Islands.[50]
Development and trials
Period around the World Wars
In 1928 the first Baháʼí
After World War II
The French Baháʼí community was one of the few to remain organized in Europe coming out of WWII.[10] The European Teaching Committee did not cover France as part of its responsibilities for reestablishing the religion in the countries of Europe.[63] Indeed, events noting its relative health include a new Baháʼí convert, Mme. E. Schmitt of Nancy, France, in February 1946[64] the US national assembly establishing a bureau for international news on the religion in Paris,[65] and Duncan McAlear shared news of conditions in France at the US national convention from which a decision was reached to set up a relief committee, in June.[66] In particular the Baháʼís of the southern states of America and eastern Canada coordinated relief packages for southern France (noting Marselles, Lyon, Hyeres and Toulouse) while the eastern states and again eastern Canada extended aid to the rest of France, Germany and Great Britain.[67] Fifteen contacts in Paris, three in Hyeres, two in Lyon, and one each in Marseille and Toulouse, were noted for relief shipping.[68] Marion Little pioneered to France from the US in 1947 and aided the formation of a publishing trust.[69] Six French Baháʼís are noted as still being prisoners of war in Germany where the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany petitioned for their release along with other nationals of other countries.[70] The French community was summarized as elderly and relatively few in number to compare with efforts of Baháʼís in other countries then underway[71] though it is also the oldest and continually functioning community on the continent of Europe with new converts in Lyon. Their French language materials were also being circulated around the world.[72] The religion was also noted as a presence in the French colonial empire from the 1950s. See for example Baháʼí Faith in Laos, Baháʼí Faith in New Caledonia and Baháʼí Faith in Senegal. However the Baháʼís in France remained relatively small and did not penetrate into French society[19] though Baháʼís like Dorothy Beecher Baker traveled to Paris and Lyon[73] and Lucienne Migette was noted in particular in Lyon as being very active in promulgating the religion.[74]
Indeed, Baker's trip signalized an engagement of French Baháʼís and others in progress of the religion following the troubled limits of war. French Baháʼís were in attendance at the first European Teaching Conference on 22–26 May 1948 held in Geneva which including public talks in French.
National community
In 1957–58 the French community was part of the regional national assembly with the Benelux Baháʼí communities.[89] At the convention to elect the national assembly of France in 1958 was Edna True representing the US national assembly.[90][91] Hand of the Cause Herman Grossmann oversaw the convention of the delegates coming from twenty locations in France with 77 of the then 152 Baháʼís of France attending with William Sears whose travel plans landed him in France at that time.[92] The members of the first national assembly elected were: Sara Kenny, Jacques Soghomonian, Francois Petit, Joel Marangella, Chahab 'Ala'i, Sally Sanor, Lucienne Migette, Farhang Javid, and Florence Bagley. The national assembly was incorporated according to civil law in December 1958.[93] The second national convention had 17 delegates and the annual report detailed the community as seven assemblies, ten groups, and twenty isolated believers, with a membership of seventy-six French believers, thirty-eight Persians, twenty-eight Americans and eleven of other nationalities, for a total of 153 Baháʼís including nine who were new Baháʼís enrolled during the year.[94] The 1959 summer school attracted 95 attendees including 16 non-Baháʼís to Beaulieu-sur-Mer with Dr. Hermann Grossmann, as well as Jessie Revell representing the International Baháʼí Council, a predecessor to the Universal House of Justice.[95]
Division
In 1960, after the death of
An election was held to elect a new national assembly at the end of May. Its members were: Lucienne Migette, Dr. Barafroukhteh, A. Tammene, H. Samimy, Lucien McComb, A. H. Nairni, Y. Yasdanian, F. Petit, and Sara Kenny.[99] The majority of Baháʼís stood by the Hands of the Cause during this issue.[96] Over the years following 1966 the followers of Remey were not organized; several of the individuals involved began forming their own groups based on different understandings of succession.
Continued growth
Multiplying activities
The 1960 summer Baháʼí school was attended by Hands of the Cause Dr.
In 1963 the members of national assemblies around the world acted as delegates to the international convention to elect the Universal House of Justice for the first time. The members of the French national assembly were: Chahab Alai, Florence Bagley, Dr. A.M. Barafroukhteh, Sara Kenny, Lucien McComb, Lucienne Migette, Yadullah Rafaat, Henriette Samimy, and Omer Charles Tamenne.[97]
Demographically the religions expanded as follows:
In 1952: 3 assemblies, 3 groups, and 6 isolated Baháʼís.[104]
In 1959: 7 assemblies, 10 groups, and 20 isolated Baháʼís.[94]
In 1963: 7 assemblies, 10 groups, and 18 isolated Baháʼís.[105]
In 1979: 31 assemblies, 61 groups, and 98 isolated Baháʼís.[106]
The 1964 Baháʼí summer school was held in
Public/Media engagement
Since the inception of the Baháʼí Faith, its founder
In 1966 the Baháʼís participated in the International Fair in Nice handing out thousands of pieces of literature.
Modern community
In 1987 Hand of the Cause
Extending the background of academic interest in the religion since 1900 two volumes of the French language Catholic encyclopedia Fils d'Abraham were published in 1987 mentioning the religion:
• Longton, Joseph (1987). "Panorama des communautés juives chrétiennes et musulmanes". In Longton, Joseph (ed.). Fils d'Abraham (in French). S. A. Brepols I. G. P. and CIB Maredsous. pp. 11, 47–51 (mentions Baháʼís on).
• Cannuye, Christian (1987). "Les Baháʼís". In Longton, J. (ed.). Fils d'Abraham. S. A. Brepols I. G. P. and CIB Maredsous.
In 1988 Baha'is held to large informational meetings on topics of internationalism and the environment.[137]
André Brugiroux, well known for traveling the countries of the world,[138] encountered the religion in 1969 in Alaska and joined it. He made a documentary film about his travels and visiting Baháʼís, versions of which have been shown since 1977[139][140] and wrote a few books published including 1984[141] and 1990[142] and has given many talks about the religion and his travels in and outside France.
The Gardeners of God – Two French journalists, Colette Gouvion and Philippe Jouvion attempted an objective and unbiased study of the Baháʼí Faith through a series interviews which was published in 1993 as "Les Jardiniers de Dieu" which was translated into English.[5]
The 75th anniversary of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's visit to Marseilles was commemorated at the Palais du Faro in 1989.[143] The centenary of the first trip in 1911 was noted at the annual Baháʼí residential school, held in Evian from 27 August to 3 September, where participants explored what it means to be "walking in the path of ʻAbdu'l-Baha" as they discussed the current activities of their communities.[144] Revised and extended work reviewing ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's talks and those he met, were published as well in time with this centenary:
- ISBN 978-2-912155-25-2.
- Jasion, Jan T (August 2011). On the Banks of the Seine:The History of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in France and Switzerland, 1911 and 1913. Paris, FR: Librairie Baháʼíe. ISBN 978-2-912155-26-9.
- Jasion, Jan T (August 2011). They all Witnessed His Triomph: A Biographical Guide to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's Western Travels. Paris, FR: Librairie Baháʼíe. ISBN 978-2-912155-32-0.
Continuing to voice its concern in 1993 the French government took up issues related to the treatment of Baha'is in modern Iran.[145] Subsequently, it voted in favor of a UN resolution in 1996 which expressed concern over a wide range of human rights violations in Iran in a resolution adopted by roll-call vote after last-minute negotiations failed to achieve consensus.[7] And the government took further steps a number of times.[146] In 2010 they supported the international community observing the treatment of arrested Baha'i leadership.[147][148] SeePersecution of Baháʼís.
In 1998 French Baháʼís attempted to address issues with Mohammad Khatami.[149]
Frequency 19 is a French language Baháʼí radio and video station on the internet.[150]
Demographics
According to 2005 Association of Religion Data Archives data there are about 4,440.[6]
Further research
- Julio Savi (28 August 2016). Dawning of the Baha'i Faith on the European Subcontinent (Youtube). Wilmette Institute.
See also
References
- ^ a b Gate of the Heart: Understanding the Writings of the Báb, by Nader Saiedi: Review by Stephen Lambden, published in The Journal of the American Oriental Society, 130:2, 2010–04
- ^ ISBN 0-85398-043-8
- ^ a b Larousse, Pierre; Augé, Claude (1898). "Babisme". Nouveau Larousse illustré: dictionnaire universel encyclopédique. p. 647. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ISBN 2-503-82347-5.
- ^ ISBN 1-85168-052-7.
- ^ a b "Most Baháʼí Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ a b UN Commission expresses concern over human rights violations in Iran
- ^ a b c d Early Western Accounts of the Babi and Baháʼí Faiths by Moojan Momen
- ISBN 0-85398-999-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-429-1109-3.
- ^ "Overview of the Tablets to Napoleon". Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ Winters, Jonah (17 October 2003). "Second Tablet to Napoleon III (Lawh-i-Napulyún): Tablet study outline". Study Guides. Baha'i Library Online. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ISBN 0-85398-071-3.
- ^ "Three Momentous Years of the Heroic Age −1868-70". Baháʼí News. No. 474. September 1970. pp. 5–9.
- ^ a b Bibliographie des ouvrages de langue française mentionnant les religions babie ou bahaʼie (1844–1944) compiled by Thomas Linard, published in Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baháʼí Studies, 3, 1997–06
- ISBN 0-88920-272-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-85398-551-8.
- ISBN 978-0-85398-543-3
- ^ ISBN 1-890688-11-8.
- ^ a b c d Biography of Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney by Laura C. Dreyfus-Barney and Shoghi Effendi, edited by Thomas Linard, 1928
- ^ Mirza Abu'l-Faḍl by Moojan Momen
- ^ Philip Hainsworth, 'Breakwell, Thomas (1872–1902)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 21 November 2010
- ^ "Early American Baháʼís Honor Juliet Thompson at Memorial Service in House of Worship". Baháʼí News. No. 313. March 1957. pp. 10–11.
- ^ Vader, John-Paul (27 October 2009). "Selected episodes from the early history of the Baháʼí Faith in Switzerland" (PDF). Ezri Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies, University of Haifa. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-88920-272-6.
- ^ "BIC rebuts Iran's anti-Baha'i document". Baháʼí News. No. 626. May 1983. pp. 1–5.
- ^ ISSN 1177-8547. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
- ^ "Historical Background of the Panama Temple". Baháʼí News. No. 493. April 1972. p. 2.
- ^ "United States Africa Teaching Committee; Goals for this year". Baháʼí News. No. 283. June 1954. pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b The Báb (6 April 2006). "The Seven Proofs; Preface – The Work of A.L.M. Nicholas (1864–1937)". Provisional translations. A. L. M. Nicolas and Peter Terry (trans.). Baha'i Library Online. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
- ^ al-Nūr al-abhā fīmofāważāt ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Leiden, 1908; tr. L. C. Barney and H. Dreyfus as Some Answered Questions, London, 1908; "Literary News of Philadelphia". The New York Times. 17 October 1908. p. 27. Retrieved 29 December 2011. tr. H. Dreyfus asLes leçons de Saint Jean d'Acre, Paris, 1909).
- ^ ISBN 978-1-890688-35-6.
- ^ Larousse, Pierre; Augé, Claude (1906). "Babisme". Nouveau Larousse illustré: dictionnaire universel encyclopédique. Vol. Supplement. p. 66. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (1909). Tablets of Abdul-Baha ʻAbbas. Chicago, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Committee. p. 1.
- ^ "Memorial at Temple to Marion Jack". Baháʼí News. No. 282. August 1954. pp. 4–5.
- ^ True, Corinne (9 April 1910). Windust, Albert R; Buikema, Gertrude (eds.). "The Mashrak-el-Azkar". Star of the West. 01 (2). Chicago, USA: Baháʼí News Service: 5. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ Note several volumes covering the talks given on ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys are of incomplete substantiation—"The Promulgation of Universal Peace", "Paris Talks" and "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in London" contain transcripts of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's talks in North America, Paris and London respectively. While there exists original Persian transcripts of some, but not all, of the talks from "The Promulgation of Universal Peace", "Paris Talks", there are no original transcripts for the talks in "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in London". See"Authenticity of some Texts". Baháʼí Library. 22 October 1996. Retrieved 14 March 2010..
- ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (2006). Paris Talks: Addresses Given by Abdul-Baha in 1911. UK Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 978-1-931847-32-2.
- Blomfield, Lady (1975) [1956]. The Chosen Highway. London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 147–187, Part III (ʻAbdu'l-Bahá), ChaptersʻAbdu'l-Bahá in London and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Paris. ISBN 0-87743-015-2.
- Thompson, Juliet; Marzieh Gail (1983). The diary of Juliet Thompson. Kalimat Press. pp. 147–223, Chapter With ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Thonon, Vevey, and Geneva. ISBN 978-0-933770-27-0.
- ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (2006). Paris Talks: Addresses Given by Abdul-Baha in 1911. UK Baháʼí Publishing Trust.
- ^ a b "Hippolyte Dreyfus, apôtre d'ʻAbdu'l-Bahá; Premier bahá'í français". Qui est ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ?. Assemblée Spirituelle Nationale des Baháʼís de France. 9 July 2000. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-933770-27-0.
- ISBN 978-0-85398-129-9. Archived from the originalon 6 March 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ ISBN 1-870989-57-0.
- ^ Beede, Alice R. (7 February 1912). Windust, Albert R; Buikema, Gertrude (eds.). "A Glimpse of Abdul-Baha in Paris". Star of the West. 02 (18). Chicago, USA: Baháʼí News Service: 6, 7, 12. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
- ^ "Memorial to a shining star". Baháʼí International News Service. Baháʼí International Community. 10 August 2003. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
- Abdu'l-Bahá (1916). Lady Blomfield; M. E. B.; R. E. C. B.; B. M. P. (eds.). Talks by Abdul Baha Given in Paris. G. Bell and Sons, LTD. p. 5.
- ^ ISBN 1-870989-57-0.
- ^ Taqizadeh, Hasan; Muhammad ibn ʻAbdu'l-Vahhad-i Qazvini (1998) [1949]. "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá Meeting with Two Prominent Iranians". Published academic articles and papers. Bahai Academic Library. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
- ^ Fareed, Dr. Ameen (9 April 1910). Windust, Albert R; Buikema, Gertrude (eds.). "Wisdom-Talks of Abdul-Baha". Star of the West. 03 (3). Chicago, USA: Baháʼí News Service: 7. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
- ^ Fazel, Seena (1993). "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá on Christ and Christianity". Baháʼí Studies Review. 03 (1). Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ ʻAbbas, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Translated by Mírzá Ahmad Sohrab.
- ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "CABLEGRAM RECEIVED FROM HAIFA, ISRAEL". Baháʼí News. No. 469. April 1970. p. 12.
- ^ "Richard St. Barbe Baker: 1889–1982". Baháʼí News. No. 469. October 1982. p. 7.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ The Baháʼí World: A Biennial International Record, Volume II, 1926–1928 (New York City: Baháʼí Publishing Trust, 1928), 182–85.
- ^ "Distinguished, beloved servant passes away". Baháʼí News. No. 29. January 1929. pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b May Ellis Maxwell, compiled by Universal House of Justice, published in A Compendium of Volumes of the Baháʼí World I-XII, 1925–1954, pp. 516–28
- ^ "The Baháʼí World (Volume Four)". Baháʼí News. No. 51. April 1931. p. 13.
- ^ "Baháʼí activities in other countries; France". Baháʼí News. No. 55. September 1931. p. 6.
- ^ "News of East and West". Baháʼí News. No. 139. October 1940. p. 11.
- ^ "News from other lands; France". Baháʼí News. No. 176. November 1944. pp. 17–18.
- ^ "Memorial services honor Mrs. Anne Lynch". Baháʼí News. No. 430. January 1967. p. 2.
- ^ "News from other lands; France". Baháʼí News. No. 194. April 1947. p. 9.
- ^ "European survey; France". Baháʼí News. No. 180. February 1946. p. 8.
- ^ "Distribution of Baháʼí News". Baháʼí News. No. 180. June 1946. p. 2.
- ^ "Highlights of the Convention". Baháʼí News. No. 180. June 1946. pp. 4–6.
- ^ "International Relief; What and Where to send". Baháʼí News. No. 185. July 1946. p. 10.
- ^ "National Committees; France". Baháʼí News. No. 186. August 1946. pp. 3–5.
- ^ "Passing of Pioneer Mrs. Marion Little". Baháʼí News. No. 506. May 1973. p. 13.
- ^ "Excerpts from 'Geneva Exchange'". Baháʼí News. No. 186. June 1947. p. 4.
- ^ "Mildred Mottahedeh visits ten European countries". Baháʼí News. No. 200. October 1947. p. 9.
- ^ "Correction – Paris". Baháʼí News. No. 203. January 1948. p. 7.
- ^ "European enrollments increase". Baháʼí News. No. 205. March 1948. p. 9.
- ^ "A view of pioneering". Baháʼí News. No. 205. March 1948. pp. 9–10, 12.
- ^ "European Baháʼís hold first Teaching Conference". Baháʼí News. No. 209. July 1948. p. 1.
- ^ "Second European Teaching Conference". Baháʼí News. No. 209. August 1949. p. 7.
- ^ "Around the World; France". Baháʼí News. No. 243. May 1951. p. 8.
- ^ "U.N Regional Conference in Paris". Baháʼí News. No. 252. February 1952. pp. 13–14.
- ^ "International News; France". Baháʼí News. No. 269. July 1953. pp. 13–14.
- ^ Triple Announcement on Conclusion of Holy Year Messages to the Baháʼí World: 1950–1957, pp. 169–171
- ^ "The Passing of two Knighs of Baháʼu'lláh". Baháʼí News. No. 452. November 1968. p. 3.
- ^ "Twelfth Pioneering Report". Baháʼí News. No. 291. May 1955. pp. 7–8.
- ^ "Summer Schools and Conferences of Europe 1955; All-France Conference and Summer School". Baháʼí News. No. 296. October 1955. pp. 8–10.
- ^ "Youth Conference held in Chateauroux...". Baháʼí News. No. 302. April 1956. p. 6.
- ^ "Local Assembly of Nice...". Baháʼí News. No. 306. August 1956. p. 9.
- ^ "International News ; Many Baháʼís attend France Summer School". Baháʼí News. No. 306. December 1956. pp. 6–7.
- ^ "Newly established Local Spiritual Assembly of Orleans...". Baháʼí News. No. 318. August 1957. p. 8.
- ^ "International Committees; Summer School prepares France for formation of National Assembly". Baháʼí News. No. 332. December 1957. pp. 6–7.
- ^ National Spiritual Assemblies: Lists and years of formation by Graham Hassall, 2000–01
- ^ "First Reports of the 1958 National Conventions Reveal Baháʼís, Newly Aware of Spiritual Forces Released by Guardian's Ascension, Resolve to Meet Challenges With Maturity, Audacity, and Dedication; United States; International Goals". Baháʼí News. No. 332. June 1958. p. 12.
- ^ "Message From the Hands of the Holy Land to the First All-France Convention". Baháʼí News. No. 329. July 1958. pp. 15–16.
- ^ "First National Spiritual Assembly of France, Formed Ridvan 1958, Becomes Twenty-Seventh Pillar of Faith of Baháʼu'lláh". Baháʼí News. No. 329. July 1958. pp. 17–18.
- ^ "First National Spiritual Assembly of France, Formed Ridvan 1958, Becomes Twenty-Seventh Pillar of Faith of Baháʼu'lláh". Baháʼí News. No. 340. June 1958. p. 10.
- ^ a b "Annual Conventions Review Achievements of Past Year, Marshal Forces to Attain Remaining Crusade Goal; France". Baháʼí News. No. 341. July 1959. pp. 16–17.
- ^ "Ninety-Five Baháʼís, Contacts Participate in Baháʼí Summer School of France". Baháʼí News. No. 347. January 1960. p. 4.
- ^ a b c Momen, Moojan (2003). "The Covenant and Covenant-Breaker". bahai-library.com. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ ISBN 0-85398-350-X.
- ^ "An Impregnable World Community". Baháʼí News. No. 352. July 1960. pp. 1–2.
- ^ "NSA of Frame Elected". Baháʼí News. No. 355. October 1960. p. 2.
- ^ "Two Hands of the Cause inspire Baháʼís at Fifth Summer School of France". Baháʼí News. No. 356. November 1960. pp. 5–6.
- ^ "Faith gains renown through Baháʼí Artist's Exhibition at Louvre". Baháʼí News. No. 371. February 1962. pp. 12–13.
- ^ "Abdu'l-Bahá's first visit to Europe Commemorated in Paris". Baháʼí News. No. 372. March 1962. p. 2.
- ^ "French Language Publishing Trust Has New Headquarters". Baháʼí News. No. 492. April 1972. p. 24.
- ^ "International News; France". Baháʼí News. No. 260. October 1952. pp. 13–14.
- ^ The Baháʼí Faith: 1844–1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953–1963, Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land, pp. 46, 82.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "Baháʼí Summer School Held in Perigueux, France". Baháʼí News. No. 405. March 1962. p. 5.
- ^ "Paris Conference site is selected". Baháʼí News. No. 538. January 1976. p. 14.
- ^ a b "Preparation for the Harvest; The International Teaching Conference in Paris". Baháʼí News. No. 546. September 1976. pp. 2–5.
- ^ "Around the World; Baha'is teach in Kinkala". Baháʼí News. No. 550. January 1977. p. 2.
- ^ "French Antilles". Baháʼí News. No. 555. June 1977. p. 7.
- ^ Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baháʼí Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
- ^ "Baháʼí display at the International Faith in Nice...". Baháʼí News. No. 424. July 1966. p. 19.
- ^ "Marseille exhibit proclaims Faith to thousands". Baháʼí News. No. 427. October 1966. p. 3.
- ^ "French school proclaims faith to hundreds". Baháʼí News. No. 429. December 1966. p. 13.
- ^ "French proclamation in two major cities". Baháʼí News. No. 436. July 1967. p. 18.
- ^ "French exhibits in Nice, Montpelier draw crowds". Baháʼí News. No. 447. June 1968. p. 7.
- ^ "News Briefs". Baháʼí News. No. 450. September 1968. p. 15.
- ^ "Recent French Activities". Baháʼí News. No. 492. March 1972. p. 14.
- ^ "Mayor of Monaco Receives Baha'is". Baháʼí News. No. 504. March 1973. p. 24.
- ^ "A working holiday in the villages of France". Baháʼí News. No. 511. October 1973. pp. 22–3.
- ^ "Media campaign has good results". Baháʼí News. No. 541. March 1976. p. 18.
- ^ "Architecture student talks about Faith". Baháʼí News. No. 542. May 1976. pp. 8–9.
- ^ "SUPPORT-In Strasbourg, France, the European Parliament strongly condemns Iran's persecution of Baha'is". Baháʼí News. No. 542. March 1981. pp. 8–9.
- ^ Resolution on the solution of the Persecution of the members of the Bahai Community in Iran Official Journal C 265, 13 October 1980 P. 0101
- ^ "Summary of the actions taken by the Baha'i International Community, National and Local Baha'i Institutions, Governments, Non-Baha'i Organizations and prominent people in connection with the persecution of the Baha'is of Iran". Baháʼí News. No. 542. April 1982. pp. 2–3.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "Special report – Recounting a memorable visit to France". Baháʼí News. No. 424. March 1988. pp. 1–3.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ Great Modern Travelers: André Brugiroux
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ Brugiroux, André (1984). Le prisonnier de Saint-Jean-d'Arce. Albatros.
- ISBN 978-1-85168-029-0.
- ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ European Baha'is mark centenary of ʻAbdu'l-Baha's journeys 3 October 2011
- ^ Chronology for Baha'is in Iran
- ^ "Trial with seven Baha'i leaders in Iran". Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ de Mme Ashton – Dégradation de la situation des droits de lʼhomme[permanent dead link] (12 juin 2010)
- ^ of expression, religion and belief – Iran: Sentencing of seven Baha'i leaders to 20 years in prison (10 August 2010)
- ^ Bahais warn of fresh persecution in Iran, CNN Cable News Network
- ^ "FREQUENCE 19". Licence Libre CeCILL. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
External links
- Official Website of the National Spiritual Assembly of France
- Historique des débuts de la foi baha'ie à Marseille, 1911
- Diaporama sur les débuts de la foi baha'ie en France, 1911–1913, Par lili & Bernard Lo Cascio
- Les Baha'is de Chambéry