Mehmed Fuad Pasha

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In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Mehmed Fuad, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name.
Mehmed Fuad
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Personal details
Born1814
Constantinople (now Istanbul), Ottoman Empire
DiedFebruary 12, 1869 (aged 55)
Nice, Second French Empire

Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1814 – February 12, 1869), sometimes known as Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha and commonly known as Fuad Pasha, was an

1860 Mount Lebanon civil war in Syria
. He represented a modern Ottoman era, given his openness to European-style modernization as well as the reforms he helped to enact.

Among other posts, he served as

Grand Vizier, the equivalent of Prime Minister, on two occasions between 1861 and 1866. He is often regarded, along with Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, as one of the most influential Ottoman statesmen, who favoured a French-inspired civil code for the newly established civil courts in 1868.[1]

Fuad Pasha was a fervent supporter of keeping the empire an absolute monarchy, rejecting the ideas of being legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature. He often clashed with liberal intellectuals like Namık Kemal, Ziya Pasha and İbrahim Şinasi.[2]

Early life

Fuad Pasha was born in 1814 to a prominent

Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha a 17th-century grand vizier. He studied in the medical school Tibhane-i Amire for four years with no family support and then proceeded to serve as a doctor for the Admiralty.[4]

Career beginnings

Fuad Pasha was fluent in French, which led him to a job as scribe to the governor of

Grand Vizier, Mustafa Reşid Pasha, and began working with Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha. His title, "Pasha", was given to a high-ranking member of the Ottoman government and could only be given by the Sultan as an honorary title. Mehmed Emin Aali had been in the Grand Vizier's service for a considerable amount of time. While Mustafa Reşid and Mehmed Emin Aali were on a diplomatic trip to London, Fuad secured a position as the First Translator of the Porte
, a position which he held from 1838 to 1852.

Fuad continued to study history, modern languages, international law, and political economics with the hope of rising to a diplomatic career.

Czar relinquished his demands for extradition and settled for Fuad's promise that the revolutionaries would be kept far from the Russian borders. Fuad demonstrated this same talent for negotiations in 1852 when he worked with Muhammad Ali of Egypt's successor, Prince Abbas, in Egypt.[3]

Because of these diplomatic successes, Fuad became Mehmed Emin Aali's equal, both in political rank and influence with Mustafa Reşid. Mustafa Reşid was removed as Grand Vizier in 1852 by the sultan and Mehmed Emin Aali was then named as his successor. Mehmed Emin Aali recommended to the Sultan that Fuad succeed him as

Catholic Maronites (supported by the French), and the Druze Muslims (supported by the British and, subsequently, Mustafa Reşid) over power in Mount Lebanon before the Crimean War.[3]
Because of this fall, both Fuad and Mehmed Emin Aali took a step back from their governmental careers and turned to the Council of the Tanzimat, of which Mehmed Emin Aali was chairman and Fuad was a member.

Tanzimat period

Engraving of Fuad Pasha (1858) from a photograph by Gustave Le Gray

Member of the Council of the Tanzimat

Fuad Pasha was an important reformer during the Tanzimat period. The goal of the program was to, “promote reform, fend off the powers and forestall rebellion”.

Muslim subjects of the Empire equal rights via the Millet system would “dull their nationalist and separatist tendencies.” He, along with the other three reformers, believed that in order to save the empire, a sense of “Ottomanism” needed to be created. The goal was to create an “Ottoman” nation and unify the Jews, Christians, and Muslims into an Ottoman nationality. The Council of the Tanzimat took complete charge of preparing legislation, and because both Fuad and Ali wanted immediate progress, the Council was made separate from the ministries and the chairman was “given direct access to the sultan,”[3]
which represented increasing efforts towards centralization. The old Supreme Council, however, still remained an influential factor as its existence and functions, though de jure limited to judicial matters, caused much confusion.

Chairman of the Council of the Tanzimat

In 1856, Fuat was given the task of reforming the financial and provincial problems that plagued the Empire and was thus named chairman of the Council of the Tanzimat. These stemmed from “a shortage of trained bureaucrats and inadequacies in tax collection.”

tax farming
system was ended in 1861 with the establishment of the Excise Tax Administration which was separate from the bureaucracy of the Ministry of Finance and replaced the former Customs Administration.

Foreign Minister 1858-1860: The Mount Lebanon Crisis

Photograph of Fuad Pasha by the Abdullah Frères studio.
Main article:
1860 Druze–Maronite conflict

In 1860,

Lord Dufferin, as they both had similar interests in preventing French domination in the region. Though Dufferin spoke critically of the corruption and lack of communication he believed to exist in the Empire, he proposed the creation of a semi-independent Syria with Fuad as a “governor-general” [4] This was due to Dufferin's great respect towards Fuad, whom he described as “tall, handsom, well-versed in French, and of charming manners.” [4] Fuad, however, signed an agreement General de Beaufort, the commander of the French troops, in order to use the French to their advantage in the region. This smooth diplomatic skill was attributed to his sense of humor, and “subtlety and tact of the polished diplomat.” [4] This agreement resulted in the establishment of the Law of the Provinces, of which Fuad was an architect, which created the province of Syria
.

Grand Vizier, 1861–1863, 1863–1866

In 1861, Sultan

Egypt) daughter.[3]

Later career and death

Foreign Minister, 1867–1869

Sultan

Foreign Minister, he wrote a political testament with advice to the Sultan regarding an alliance with Great Britain and France based on shared interests and a common enemy of Russia. Fuad demonstrated understanding of Russian expansion and confessed that, “I too would have turned the world upside-down to capture Istanbul.” [7] He called for the modernization of the Empire to gain legitimacy in France's eyes in order to strengthen these alliances against Russia. He considered Great Britain as the Empire's most important ally and stated, “the English people...will always be the first to have our alliance and we will hold fast to that alliance to the last” and that “we should relinquish several of our provinces rather than see England abandon us” [7]
Regarding France, the Empire should maintain polite relations in order to prevent conflict, rather than hope for protection.

Death, 1869

Abdülaziz on a trip through Europe in the summer of 1867. The double burden put considerable strain on Fuad, however, and he sought medical attention and rest in France. He died in Nice on February 12, 1869.[citation needed] His body was returned to Constantinople by the French Navy on board the aviso Latouche-Tréville.[11][12]

Family

Mehmed Fuad married Emine Behiye Hanım, and had two sons, Ahmed Nazım Bey and Kazım Bey.[13] His elder son, Nazım Bey (died 1863)[14] married Nimetullah Hanım (21 November 1838 – 25 January 1905),[14] daughter of Şevket Bey, and had two sons, Mustafa Hikmet Bey (2 July 1857 – 6 August 1911) and Reşad Fuad Bey (6 June 1861 – 12 June 1921).[14]

Mustafa Hikmet married Mihrünnisa Hanım, daughter of Hayrullah Efendi and Münteha Hanım, and sister of poet Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan.[14] They had one son, Ahmed Nazım Bey, and one daughter who died in infancy.[15][16] Reşad Fuad married Behiye Hanım, daughter of Hayreddin Pasha and his fourth wife Kamer Hanım,[17] and had four sons, Mehmed Hayreddin Fuad Keçeci, Mehmed Salih Keçeci (1893 – 1954), Mehmed Fuad Keçeci (died 1967), and Ali Şevket Fuad Keçeci.[18]

Mehmed Fuad's younger son, Kazım Bey (died 1859)[14] married Gülbiz Ikbal Hanım, a former Circassian slave, and had a son Izzet Fuad Pasha (1860 — 1925).[19][14] Izzet Fuad married the Egyptian princess Fatima Aziza Amina Hanim (1854 – 1895), second daughter of Prince Mustafa Fazıl Pasha,[20][21] and his wife Rengi Gul Hanim.[22] They had one son, Kazım Bey.[14][23][24]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-84885-288-4
    .
  2. ^ Musluoğlu, Sedat. "Mehmet Emi̇n Âli̇ Paşa Ve Keçeci̇zade Mehmed Fuad Paşa".
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977
  4. ^ a b c d e f Zachs, Fruma. "'Novice' or 'Heaven-Born' Diplomat? Lord Dufferin's Plan for a 'Province of Syria': Beirut, 1860-61." Middle Eastern Studies. no. 3 (2000): 160-176.
  5. ^ a b Davison, Roderic H. “Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian-Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century.” The American Historical Review, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Jul., 1954), pp. 844–864.
  6. ^ Martin, Richard C. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World Volume II. New York: Macmillan Reference, 2004
  7. ^ a b c Hanigolu, M. Sukru. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  8. ^ Weiker, Walter F. "The Ottoman Bureaucracy: Modernization and Reform." Administrative Science Quarterly. no. 3 (1968): 451-470
  9. ^ a b c d Makdisi, Ussama. "After 1860: Debating Religion, Reform, and Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire." International Journal of Middle East Studies. no. 4 (2002): 601-617
  10. ^ Pogany, Istvan. "Humanitarian Intervention in International Law: The French Intervention in Syria Re-Examined." The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. no. 1 (1986): 182-190
  11. ^ "Collision in the Mediterranean". Morning Post. No. 29705. London. 22 February 1869. p. 7.
  12. ^ "The Late Fuad Pacha". Daily News. No. 7119. London. 24 February 1869. p. 7.
  13. ISBN 978-975-7172-59-8
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-9-759-76063-2
    .
  15. ^ İbnülemin Mahmut Kemal İnal (1969). Son asir Türk ṣairleri. M. E. B. Devlet Kitaplari. p. 968.
  16. ^ İbnülemin Mahmut Kemal İnal (1969). Son asir Türk ṣairleri. M. E. B. Devlet Kitaplari. p. 41.
  17. ISBN 978-975-17-0318-7
    .
  18. ISBN 978-975-7306-06-1
    .
  19. ISBN 978-975-17-0183-1
    .
  20. OCLC 811064965
    .
  21. ^ Mithat Cemal Kuntay (1944). Namık Kemal devrinin insanları ve olayları arasında. Maarif Matbaası. p. 312.
  22. ISBN 978-975-333-081-7
    .
  23. ^ İbnülemin Mahmut Kemal İnal (1969). Son asir Türk ṣairleri. M. E. B. Devlet Kitaplari. p. 290.
  24. ^ İbnülemin Mahmut Kemal İnal (1969). Son asir Türk ṣairleri. M. E. B. Devlet Kitaplari. p. 680.

Additional sources

  • Finkel, Caroline. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. New York: Basic, 2006. Print.
Political offices
Preceded by
Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire

22 November 1861 - 5 January 1863 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire

1 June 1863 - 4 June 1866 		Succeeded by
Mütercim Mehmed Rüştü Pasha



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