Banksia violacea

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Violet banksia
a dark purple round flowerhead against a sandy background
Inflorescence of Banksia violacea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Banksia
Species:
B. violacea
Binomial name
Banksia violacea

Banksia violacea, commonly known as violet banksia, is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Banksia (family Proteaceae). It generally grows as a small shrub to 1.5 m (5 ft) high with fine narrow leaves, and is best known for its unusually coloured dark purple-violet inflorescences. The colour of the inflorescences, short leaves, and flattened follicles which are sticky when young, help identify this species from others in the field.[2] It is found in low shrubland in southern regions of Western Australia from Esperance in the east to Narrogin in the west, growing exclusively in sandy soils.

First described in 1927 by the West Australian botanist Charles Gardner, the species was at one stage considered a variety of B. sphaerocarpa. Although there are no recognised subspecies or varieties, both lignotuberous and nonlignotuberous forms exist for Banksia violacea. Wasps, ants and flies have been recorded visiting flower spikes. Banksia violacea is classified as Not Threatened under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia. Regarded as of little value to floriculture, it is rarely cultivated.

Description

A shrubby fine-foliaged bush is part-backlit by sunlight.
Typical shrubby habit

Banksia violacea grows as a shrub up to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall, with narrow leaves 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) long and about 0.15 cm (0.06 in) wide.

style. The styles are hooked rather than straight, and are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but break free at anthesis. The old flowers gradually fade to brown. The fruiting structure or follicle is a stout woody "cone", with a hairy appearance caused by the persistence of old withered flower parts.[4] These follicles are crowded around the globular spike (called an infructescence at this point) and are oval to rhomboid, although the crowding makes some irregularly shaped. They measure 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1 in) long, 0.6 cm (0.2 in) high and 0.8–2.2 cm (0.3–0.9 in) wide. They are quite flattened and lack a ridge along the valve line. When young, the follicles are greenish in colour and slightly sticky, and covered in fine white hairs, fading to tan or grey with age. They open with fire, releasing a winged wedge-shaped (cuneate) seed 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1 in) long. The mottled dark grey seed body is falcate (crescent-shaped) and measures 1.2–1.8 cm (0.5–0.7 in) long and 0.2–0.25 cm (0.1 in) wide, with a flattened dark brown wing 1.1–1.7 cm (0.4–0.5 in) wide. The woody separator has the same dimensions as the seed.[2]

The bright green cotyledon leaves of the seedlings are oblong to linear in shape and measure 1.5 cm (0.6 in) long by 0.3 cm (0.1 in) wide. The greenish red hypocotyl is hairy, as are the stems of young plants. The hairy seedling leaves are crowded and oppositely arranged. They measure 0.7–1.3 cm (0.2–0.5 in) in length and have recurved margins. Young plants often begin branching within their first year of life.[2]

Taxonomy

See also: Taxonomy of Banksia
A roundish bloom made up of hundreds of golden flower buds growing
Inflorescence in early bud

The

How to know Western Australian wildflowers. He considered B. violacea to be a variety of B. sphaerocarpa with violet flowers.[8] This description was an invalid publication, however, and a nomen nudum. In 1981 Alex George declared Banksia sphaerocarpa var. violacea Blackall a nomenclatural synonym of B. violacea.[2][6]

In George's 1981 arrangement, B. violacea was placed in

styles; and series Abietinae because its inflorescence is roughly spherical. It was placed in taxonomic sequence between B. incana (Hoary Banksia) and B. meisneri (Meissner's Banksia).[2]

In 1996,

subseries. B. violacea appeared in the last of these:[9]

a globular old flowerhead, now mostly made up of greenish developing seed pods
Young follicles are green, and slightly sticky at this stage.

B. violacea

This clade became the basis of B. subseries Longistyles, which Thiele defined as containing those taxa with very long and slender styles, smoothly convex perianth limbs without a costal ridge, and thickened margins. In accordance with their cladogram, their arrangement placed B. violacea first in taxonomic sequence, followed by B. laricina (Rose-fruited Banksia).[9] However, Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, who, questioning the emphasis on cladistics, rejected most of their changes in his 1999 arrangement, restored B. series Abietinae to his broader 1981 definition, and abandoned all of Thiele and Ladiges' subseries. George commented that the species has no close relatives, being "loosely allied" to B. sphaerocarpa (Fox Banksia) and B. telmatiaea (Swamp Fox Banksia). Despite this, the sequence of the series was altered so that B. violacea fell between B. scabrella (Burma Road Banksia) and B. incana, and its placement in George's arrangement may be summarised as follows:[4]

A globular old flowerhead, mostly made up of mature brown seed pods
Older follicles
Banksia
B. subg. Banksia
B. sect. Banksia (9 series, 50 species, 9 subspecies, 3 varieties)
B. sect. Coccinea
(1 species)
B. sect. Oncostylis
B. ser. Spicigerae (7 species, 2 subspecies, 4 varieties)
B. ser. Tricuspidae
(1 species)
B. ser. Dryandroideae (1 species)
B. ser. Abietinae
B. sphaerocarpa (3 varieties)
B. micrantha
B. grossa
B. telmatiaea
B. leptophylla (2 varieties)
B. lanata
B. scabrella
B. violacea
B. incana
B. laricina
B. pulchella
B. meisneri (2 subspecies)
B. nutans (2 varieties)
B. subg. Isostylis (3 species)

Since 1998, an American botanist,

Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different from George's arrangement, and somewhat different from Thiele and Ladiges'. With respect to B. violacea, Mast's results agree with its placement near B. laricina and B. incana, placing it in a clade with these two species and B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla (treated at species rank as B. dolichostyla).[10] However, Thiele's B. subseries Longistyles appears to be polyphyletic, as do both definitions of B. ser. Abietinae—that is, none form a natural grouping.[10][11][12]

A round bloom of mixed purplish and greenish yellow flowers lies amid some short grey-green needle-like leaves
Paler inflorescence and leaves

B. dolichostyla

B. violacea

Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by merging

Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. violacea is placed in B. subgenus Spathulatae.[13]

Distribution and habitat

biogeographic regions.[14]

B. violacea occurs in southern regions of Western Australia, from

Banksia sphaerocarpa var. caesia.[2] Banksia violacea is classified as Not Threatened under the 1950 Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia.[14]

Ecology

See also: Ecology of Banksia

Like most other

proteoid roots, roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These enhance solubilisation of nutrients, thus allowing their uptake in low-nutrient soils such as the phosphorus-deficient soils of Australia.[15] B. violacea is highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback.[16]

Banksia violacea is one of a small number of Banksia species that has both

aerial seed bank following a bushfire, ensuring seedlings are established on clear and relatively fertile ground; however the possession of a lignotuber makes plants much less reliant on fire regime for population maintenance and regeneration, as maternal plants are not killed by bushfire, but resprout from below ground level. Lignotuberous plants generally occur among the north-eastern populations,[2][17] in the vicinity of Woodanilling.[3] An investigation into the biogeography of these plants failed to find any vegetative, climatic or other environmental factors associated with the possession of a lignotuber.[18]

Banksia flowerheads in general play host to a variety of birds, mammals and insects.[19] However, only wasps, ants and flies were recorded visiting flower spikes during observations for The Banksia Atlas in the mid-1980s.[3]

Cultivation

Banksia violacea is rarely cultivated. It is a slow-growing plant that tends to become untidy with age, and generally does not flower until four to five years after sprouting from seed. Flowers are an unusual colour, but occur within the bush where they grow within and are usually obscured by foliage. It tolerates light

germinate.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Banksia violacea". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473.
  3. ^
    ISBN 0-644-07124-9.[page needed
    ]
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-643-06454-0
    .
  5. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia
    . 13: 61–68.
  6. ^ a b "Banksia violacea C.A.Gardner". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved June 26, 2010
  7. ISBN 0-85179-864-0
    .
  8. ISBN 1-875560-29-7.[page needed
    ]
  9. ^
    doi:10.1071/SB9960661
    .
  10. ^
    PMID 21665734
    .
  11. doi:10.1071/SB97026
    .
  12. doi:10.1071/SB04015
    .
  13. doi:10.1071/SB06016
    .
  14. ^
    Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
    . Retrieved June 26, 2010
  15. S2CID 32550881
    .
  16. ^ "Part 2, Appendix 4: The responses of native Australian plant species to Phytophthora cinnamomi" (PDF). Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi for Biodiversity Conservation in Australia. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  17. ^
    ISBN 0-86417-006-8.[page needed
    ]
  18. doi:10.1071/BT9950283
    .
  19. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
    . Retrieved June 24, 2010.
  20. ^ Sedgley, Margaret (1998). "Banksia: New proteaceous cut flower crop" (PDF). Horticultural Reviews. 22: 1–25.
  21. ISBN 0-643-09298-6
    .

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