Bat bomb
Bat bomb | |
---|---|
bats. | |
Type | Bomb |
Place of origin | US |
Service history | |
In service | Never used |
Wars | World War II |
Production history | |
Designer | Louis Fieser |
Designed | January 1942 |
Specifications | |
Mass | 123 kg (271 lb) |
Length | 123 cm (48 in) |
Bat bombs were an experimental
Conception
The bat bomb was conceived by Lytle S. Adams (1881–1970 In his letter, Adams stated that the bat was the "lowest form of animal life", and that, until now, "reasons for its creation have remained unexplained".[4]: 6 He went on to espouse that bats were created "by God to await this hour to play their part in the scheme of free human existence, and to frustrate any attempt of those who dare desecrate our way of life."[4]: 6 Of Adams, Roosevelt remarked, "This man is not a nut. It sounds like a perfectly wild idea but is worth looking into."[2][3]
After government approval
After Roosevelt gave the project his approval, it was relegated to the authority of the
The team had to determine several variables to make the project feasible, including what kind of incendiaries could be attached to the bats, as well as the temperatures at which to store and transport them. The bats had to be kept in hibernation while they were shipped. To accomplish this, they were stuck in ice cube trays and cooled.[8] They also had to decide what species of bat to use for the bombs. After testing several species, the Mexican free-tailed bat was selected. Adams had to ask for permission from the National Park Service to harvest large numbers of Mexican free-tailed bats from caves on government property. While the original plan was to arm the bats with white phosphorus, American chemist Louis Fieser joined the team and white phosphorus was replaced with his invention, napalm.[2]
Tests were used to determine how much napalm an individual bat could carry, determining that a 14 g (0.5 oz) bat could carry a payload of 15–18 g (0.53–0.63 oz). The napalm was stored in small cellulose containers dubbed "H-2 units". After trying several attachment methods, they decided to attach the H-2 unit to the bats using an adhesive, gluing them to the front of the bats.[2]
The bomb carrier was a sheet metal tube approximately 1.5 m (5 ft) in length. The inside of the tube was fitted with twenty-six circular trays, each of which was 76 cm (30 in) in diameter. In total, each bomb carrier could hold 1,040 bats. It was planned that the carrier would be deployed from an airplane, descending to an altitude of 1,200 m (4,000 ft) before deploying parachutes. The sides of the bomb carrier would then fall away, allowing the bats to disperse.[2]
A series of tests to answer various operational questions were conducted. In one incident, the
Following this setback, the project was relegated to the
Observers at this test produced optimistic accounts. The chief of incendiary testing at Dugway wrote:
A reasonable number of destructive fires can be started in spite of the extremely small size of the units. The main advantage of the units would seem to be their placement within the enemy structures without the knowledge of the householder or fire watchers, thus allowing the fire to establish itself before being discovered.[3]
The National Defense Research Committee observer stated: "It was concluded that X-Ray is an effective weapon." The chief chemist's report stated that, on a weight basis, X-Ray was more effective than the standard incendiary bombs in use at the time: "Expressed in another way, the regular bombs would give probably 167 to 400 fires per bomb load where X-Ray would give 3,625 to 4,748 fires."[citation needed]
More tests were scheduled for mid-1944, but the program was canceled by
The infamous "Invasion by Bats" project was afterwards referred to by Stanley P. Lovell, director of research and development for Office of Strategic Services, whom General William J. Donovan ordered to review the idea, as "Die Fledermaus Farce".[10]
Lovell had also mentioned bats, during testing, were dropping to the ground like stones.[11]
See also
- Animal-borne bomb attacks
- Anti-tank dog
- Explosive rat
- Harald Hardrada (using birds in a similar way to set fire to a besieged castle in Sicily)[12]
- Japanese Balloon Bombs
- Military animals
- Olga of Kiev (using "pigeons or sparrows" as offensive weapons in the 900s AD)
- Project Pigeon
References
- PMID 16396208.
- ^ a b c d e f Duffin, Allan T. (24 October 2018). "'Bat Bombs': WWII's Project X-Ray". Warfare History Network. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ a b c Madrigal, Alexis C. (14 April 2011). "Old, Weird Tech: The Bat Bombs of World War II". The Atlantic. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ^ ISBN 0292707908.
- ^ Bills, E. R. Texas Obscurities: Stories of the Peculiar, Exceptional and Nefarious, Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2013.
- ^ a b The Bat Bombers C. V. Glines, Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Airforce Association, October 1990, Vol. 73, No. 10. Retrieved 1 October 2006.
- ^ Drumm, Patrick; Christopher Ovre (April 2011). "A batman to the rescue". Monitor on Psychology. 42 (4): 24. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ Madrigal, Alexis C. (2011-04-14). "Old, Weird Tech: The Bat Bombs of World War II". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
- ISBN 9780740714191.
- ^ Lovell, Stanley P. Of Spies & Stratagems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963, p. 63.
- ^ Waller, Douglas C. Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage. New York: Free Press, 2011, p. 104.
- ^ Snorri Snorluson in the Heimskringla