Holloman Air Force Base
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) |
Holloman Air Force Base | |||||||||||
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Near United States of America | |||||||||||
Coordinates | 32°51′09″N 106°06′23″W / 32.85250°N 106.10639°W | ||||||||||
Type | US Air Force base | ||||||||||
Site information | |||||||||||
Owner | Department of Defense | ||||||||||
Operator | US Air Force | ||||||||||
Controlled by | Air Education and Training Command (AETC) | ||||||||||
Condition | Operational | ||||||||||
Website | www.holloman.af.mil | ||||||||||
Site history | |||||||||||
Built | 1942 | ||||||||||
In use | 1942–present | ||||||||||
Garrison information | |||||||||||
Current commander | Colonel Ryan P Keeney | ||||||||||
Garrison |
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Airfield information | |||||||||||
Identifiers | AMSL | ||||||||||
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Source: Federal Aviation Administration[1] |
Holloman Air Force Base (IATA: HMN, ICAO: KHMN, FAA LID: HMN) is a United States Air Force base established in 1942 located six miles (10 km) southwest of the central business district of Alamogordo, which is the county seat of Otero County, New Mexico, United States. The base was named in honor of Col. George V. Holloman, a pioneer in guided missile research. It is the home of the 49th Wing (49 WG) of the Air Education and Training Command (AETC).
In addition to hosting several combat wings, Holloman supports the nearby White Sands Missile Range and currently hosts the Royal Air Force RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) Formal Training Unit (FTU) and the Italian Air Force RPA training courses.[2] The base previously hosted the German Air Force Flying Training Center.[3]
History
Planned for the
Alamogordo Army Air Field
Alamogordo Army Air Field (Alamogordo AAFld, Alamogordo AAF) was named on 21 November
In 1944 the "base operating unit" changed to the 231st
With the September 1947 formation of the USAF, in late 1947 the Holloman range and the
Holloman Air Development Center
The Holloman Air Development Center became the base operating unit on 10 October 1952, and the 3,500 ft (1,100 m) rocket-powered sled was first run on 19 March 1954. On 10 December 1954, Lt Colonel (Dr.) John P. Stapp rode a Holloman rocket propelled test sled, Sonic Wind No. 1, to a speed of 632 miles per hour (1,017 km/h). The center was renamed the Air Force Missile Development Center on 1 September 1957 and inactivated on 1 August 1970.
Additionally, Captain Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., stepped out of an open balloon gondola at 102,800 feet (31.3 km) on 16 August 1960, in an attempt to evaluate techniques of high altitude bailout. Capt Kittinger's jump lasted 13 minutes, reaching a velocity of 614 mph (988 km/h). That jump broke four world records: highest open gondola manned balloon flight, highest balloon flight of any kind, highest bailout, and longest free fall.[7]
The Aero-Medical Field Laboratory at Holloman "conducted space flight training with chimpanzees [in] 1961–1962", including Ham on a suborbital flight launched 31 January 1961, the first great ape in space, and Enos on a 1961 orbital flight as the third great ape to orbit Earth.
Tactical Fighter Wing
The
On 1 August 1970, per Air Force Systems Command Special Order G-94, the Air Force Missile Development Center was inactivated. TAC assumed host responsibilities for Holloman Air Force Base. Associate units and programs transferred to other locations within Air Force Systems Command. The Test & Evaluation activities that remained were the Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (CIGTF), the High Speed Test Track, the Radar Target Scatter Facility (RATSCAT), and the Target Drone Facility.
These organizations were combined to form the nucleus of a Holloman AFB tenant organization, the 6585th Test Group, with the Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, designated as the headquarters for the Test Group.
In 1975, AFSWC was disestablished, and the 6585th Test Group at Holloman became part of the Armament Development and Test Center (ADTC) at
Tactical Training Center
Holloman was designated a Tactical Training Center on 1 August 1977 and on 1 October 1993, the Air Force Development Test Center at Eglin AFB was redesignated as the Air Armament Center (AAC).[9]
In 1986, a contract was awarded to Flight Systems Inc. (later Honeywell) to modify 194 surplus
The QF-106s began operating as a Full-Scale Aerial Target (FSAT) in late 1991 at White Sands Missile Range New Mexico, and later at the Eglin Gulf Test Range in Florida (based at Holloman and Tyndall). A typical mission would employ the QF-106 as a target for an infrared homing missile. The aircraft had burners placed on pylons underneath the wings to act as IR sources for heat-seeking missiles. The intention of the program was for the QF-106 to survive repeated engagements with air-to-air missiles, to make it possible for each QF-106 to last as long as possible before it was destroyed. The last shootdown of a QF-106 (57–2524) took place at Holloman AFB on 20 February 1997. The QF-106 was replaced by the QF-4 Phantom drone.
Today, the 96th Test Group from Eglin Air Force Base Florida is responsible for operational testing and evaluation of new equipment and systems proposed for use by these forces. Current initiatives include advanced self-protection systems for combat aircraft, aircrew life support systems, aerial reconnaissance improvements, new armament and weapons delivery systems, and improved maintenance equipment and logistics support.
366th Tactical Fighter Wing
On 15 July 1963, after serving at
366th TFW was organized as follows:
- 389th Tactical Fighter Squadron (blue striping)
- 390st Tactical Fighter Squadron(yellow striping)
- 391st Tactical Fighter Squadron (red striping)
- 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron (green striping)
At the time of the wing's arrival at Holloman, they flew the
Later that year, the wing sent its first squadron to the Republic of Vietnam. The 390th Fighter Squadron was assigned to Da Nang AB, and the 391st went to Cam Ranh Bay AB in early 1966.
On 20 March 1966 the rest of the wing entered the conflict and moved to Phan Rang AB, Republic of Vietnam in support of combat operations in Vietnam. With the transfer of the 366th to Vietnam, the 6583d Air Base Group became the host unit at Holloman.
49th Tactical Fighter Wing
On 1 July 1968, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing arrived at Holloman Air Force Base from Spangdahlem AB, West Germany, becoming the first dual-based tactical fighter wing. The 6583d Air Base Group was inactivated in place.
Under the dual-basing concept, the 49th, stationed at Holloman, deployed individual squadrons periodically to Europe, fulfilling their NATO commitment. The operational squadrons of the 49th TFW upon its arrival were:
- 7th Tactical Fighter Squadron(HB/HO, blue)
- 8th Tactical Fighter Squadron (HC/HO, yellow)
- 9th Tactical Fighter Squadron(HD/HO, red)
All three squadrons flew the
In 1969, the wing participated in its first dual-basing exercise, Crested Cap I, deploying 2,000 personnel and 72 aircraft to NATO bases in Europe. Also in 1969, the 49th earned the coveted MacKay Trophy for the "most meritorious flight of the year", for the redeployment from Germany to Holloman after Crested Cap II. The MacKay Trophy recognized the 49th for the fastest non-stop deployment of jet aircraft accomplished by a wing's entire fleet.
In May 1972 the 49th deployed their F-4 aircraft and 2,600 personnel to
F-15 Eagle era
On 20 December 1977, the wing began converting from the F-4D to F-15A/Bs. The transition was completed on 4 June 1978.
History was made during February 1980, when two pilots from the 49th each flew their F-15s 6,200 miles in just over 14 hours, establishing a record for the longest flight of a single-seat fighter aircraft. The flights required six aerial refuelings, proving the global power of the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing.
In July 1980, the wing acquired the commitment of a primary
The 49th demonstrated its capabilities in the fall of 1988, winning top honors at the William Tell air-to-air weapons competition. The wing outdistanced the nearest competitor by more than 2,000 points. The 49th won a variety of awards, including the coveted "Top Gun" for best fighter pilot.
F-117 Nighthawk era
From 1991 to 1993, the 49th underwent a number of transitions. On 1 October 1991, the 49th was redesignated the 49th Fighter Wing as part of an Air Force wide redesignation of units.
On 1 November 1991, the 7th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations, performing a Lead-In Fighter Training (LIFT) mission with
On 1 June 1992 the 8th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations and started flying AT-38B LIFT missions.
The 9th Fighter Squadron ceased F-15 operations on 5 June 1992 and received F-4E aircraft from the 20th Fighter Squadron from the closing George AFB California as the Fighter Training Unit for the German Air Force.
The last F-15 departed Holloman 5 June 1992, ending 14 years of Eagle operations.
On 9 May 1992, four
F-117s were initially assigned to the following squadrons:
- 69th Fighter Squadron -> 8th FS (1 July 1993)
- 69th Fighter Squadron -> 9th FS (1 July 1993)
- 417th Fighter Squadron -> 7th FS (1 December 1993)
These squadrons were PCS (moved Permanent Change of Station) to Holloman as part of the 37th Operations Group on 15 June 1992. The formal transfer to the 49th Operations group occurred on 8 July 1992 when the 37th OG was inactivated. In 1993 these squadrons were inactivated with assets transferred to the 7th, 8th and 9th Fighter Squadrons. The 7th was designated a combat training squadron, the 8th and 9th being deployable operational fighter squadrons.
On 1 July 1993, the 20th Fighter Squadron was activated as part of the 49th Operations Group, taking over the F-4Es of the 9th FS. The mission of the 20th FS was to conduct training with the German Air Force. The F-4Es which the 20th FS flew initially were USAF-owned aircraft, however in 1997 the squadron began flying German-owned F-4F aircraft. The F-4Fs, however flew in USAF markings. The 20th Fighter Squadron was inactivated on 20 December 2004 and the F-4Fs sent to Germany.
The 48th Rescue Squadron was activated at Holloman AFB on 1 May 1993 with its six
The 8th and 9th Fighter Squadrons deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy and Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany, from 21 February–1 July 1999, in support of Operation Allied Force. Flying more than 1,000 total sorties, pilots flew into heavily defended skies, littered with surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft fire. In particular, F-117A pilots bravely trusting in their aircraft's low observable technology struck some of the most valuable, and highly guarded targets in Serbia. The F-117s penetrated the heavily defended areas, which conventional aircraft could not reach, and at least two aircraft were lost.
Global War on Terror
People, airplanes, and equipment of the 49th Fighter Wing played a key role in the continued global war against terrorism and particularly[
Approximately 300 people deployed with the air package and provided direct support to the F-117 mission. Additionally, hundreds of other 49th FW personnel were deployed on other missions.
479th Tactical Training Wing
The 479th TTW was activated at Holloman on 1 January 1977 to provide Lead-In Fighter Training (LIFT) training for pilots assigned to fly tactical fighter or attack aircraft. The 479th Flew AT-38B Talons with the following squadrons:
- 416th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (14 March 1979 – 1 September 1983) (grey stripe)
Redesignated 433d TFTS (1 September 1983 – 15 November 1991) - 434th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron(1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (red stripe)
- 435th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (blue stripe)
- 436th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (1 January 1977 – 15 November 1991) (yellow stripe)
All 479th TTW aircraft carried the "HM" tail code. The LIFT program was sharply cut back in 1991, and the wing replaced by the 479th Fighter Group at Holloman, with the aircraft being consolidated under the 586th Flight Training Squadron.
The 479th was inactivated on 31 July 2000, with squadron resources absorbed by the 49th FW, later being transferred to the 46th Test Group as the 586th Flight Test Squadron.
Base names
- Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, 14 May 1942
- Alamogordo Field Training Station, 27 May 1942
- Alamogordo Army Air Base, c. June 1942
- Alamogordo Army Air Field, 21 November 1942
- Holloman Air Force Base, 13 January 1948 – present
Major commands to which assigned
- Second Air Force, May 1942
- Continental Air Forces, 16 April 1945
- re-designated as: Strategic Air Command, 21 March 1946
- Air Materiel Command, 16 March 1947
- Air Research and Development Command, 2 April 1951
- re-designated as: Air Force Systems Command, 1 April 1961
- Tactical Air Command, 1 January 1971
- Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – 28 September 2018
- Air Education and Training Command, 28 September 2018 – present
Major units assigned
- World War II station units
- 359th Base HQ and Air Base Squadron, 10 June 1942 – 25 March 1944
- 231st Army Air Forces Base Unit, 25 March 1944 – 16 March 1947
- 206th Army Air Forces Base Unit, 22 August 1944 – 6 June 1945
- 1073d Army Air Forces Base Unit, 24 August 1944 – 15 January 1945
- World War II training units
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- United States Air Force
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Aircraft operated from Holloman
- World War II
- B-17E/F Flying Fortress, 1942
- B-24D Liberator, 1943–1944
- P-47D Thunderbolt, 1943
- United States Air Force
- HH-60G Pavehawk, 1993–1999
- F-4C/D/E Phantom II, 1963–2004
- F-15A Eagle, 1977–1992
- F-117A Nighthawk, 1992–2008
- F-22A Raptor, 2008–2014
- F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 2014–present
- F-84F Thunderstreak, 1963–1965
- F-100D Super Sabre, 1963, 1966–1970
- EB-57 Canberra, 1966–1970
- T-38A Talon, 1968–1976, 1993–2014
- AT-38B, 1992–1997
- MQ-1B Predator, 2009–present
- MQ-9 Reaper, 2009–present
- Drone aircraft
- Sabre[11]
- QF-100D Super Sabre
- QF-106A Delta Dart
- QF-4E/G Phantom II
- DB-17 Flying Fortress
- QB-17 Flying Fortress
- German Air Force
- F-4E/F Phantom II, 1993–2004
- Panavia Tornado, 1996–2019
Role and operations
The 49th Wing – host wing at Holloman Air Force Base – supports national security objectives by deploying worldwide to support peacetime and wartime contingencies. The wing provides combat-ready Airmen, and trains
Holloman is home to the world's longest and fastest
49th Wing
The
The 49th Operations Group supports national security objectives, as directed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, by utilizing the Air Force's MQ-9 remotely piloted aircraft. The operational squadrons are:
- 6th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
- 9th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
- 16th Training Squadron (MQ-9)
- 29th Attack Squadron (MQ-9)
- 49th Operations Support Squadron
The Operations Group took over the activities of the inactivated 37th Fighter Wing at
- 49th Maintenance Group: Maintains aircraft, propulsion, avionics and accessory systems for the F-22A Raptor, T-38 Talon & MQ-9 Reaper.
- 49th Mission Support Group: Provides support to all base operations, personnel, and family members.
- 49th Medical Group: Provides medical services for active duty and retired military members and their families
- 49th Materiel Maintenance Group: Maintains and deploys all equipment needed to build a "BEAR base" airfield
- Detachment 1, 82nd Aerial Targets Squadron (From F-16Full Scale Aerial Target (FSAT) drone aircraft (Tail Code HD).
In February 2006, the
96th Test Group
As of 18 July 2012, the 46th Test Group was 'reflagged' as the 96th Test Group, under the new 96 TW, stationed at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.[14] The 96th Test Group is an Air Force Materiel Command unit responsible for operational testing and evaluation of new equipment and systems proposed for use by these forces. Current initiatives include advanced self-protection systems for combat aircraft, aircrew life support systems, aerial reconnaissance improvements, new armament and weapons delivery systems, and improved maintenance equipment and logistics support.
Squadrons of the group have been:
- 586th Flight Test Squadron – Conducts flight testing
- 746th Test Squadron – Conducts Guidance/Navigational testing to include Internal Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
- 781st Test Squadron – National RCS Test Facility
- 846th Test Squadron – Rocket Sled Tests
Aircraft of the 96th Test Group carry the tail code "HT".
54th Fighter Group
In March 2014 the
Components:
- Operational Squadrons
- 8th Fighter Squadron, 4 August 2017 – present
- 311th Fighter Squadron, 1 March 2014 – present[15]
- 314th Fighter Squadron, 14 July 2015 – present[15]
- Support Units
- 54th Operations Support Squadron (OSS), 1 March 2014 – present
- 54th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS), 1 March 2014 – present
- 54th Maintenance Squadron (MS), March 2014 – present
German Air Force Flying Training Center
In 1992 the German Air Force made Holloman its main pilot training center in the United States.[16] Holloman was chosen due to its weather conditions.[17]
On 1 May 1996, the German Luftwaffe established the German Air Force Tactical Training Center at Holloman.
The German Air Force Tactical Training Center activated at Holloman 1 May 1996. With the activation, 300 German military personnel and 12 Panavia Tornado aircraft joined Team Holloman. German aircrews come to Holloman for approximately three weeks for advanced tactical training and then return to Germany. The German Air Force also conducts a Fighter Weapons Instructor Course for the Tornado. Aircrews for this course come to Holloman for about six months.
As of November 2006[update] there are 650 German military personnel and 25 Tornado aircraft assigned to Holloman AFB.
There are numerous reasons the German Air Force trained at Holloman. The area offers great flying weather and has suitable air space. Other reasons are the proximity of Holloman to the German Air Force Air Defense Center at Fort Bliss, Texas, and the centralizing of German aircrew training at a single location. To facilitate this, there is a memorandum of understanding between the two governments.
By offering NATO allies the benefits of available space at Holloman as well as the use of the Southwest's excellent flying weather, the U.S. can help maintain the strength of NATO's forces without the expense of forward-basing U.S. forces in great numbers overseas.
On 29 September 1999, two Luftwaffe Tornados crashed near Marathon Indian Basin, about 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Carlsbad. The crash was investigated by Holloman AFB 49th Wing Safety and German Air Force Safety personnel. Both pilots successfully ejected, and were uninjured.
In September 2004, Luftwaffe chief of staff, Klaus-Peter Stieglitz announced a reduction in its training program of roughly 20%.
In March 2013, it was announced that German Air Force units at Fort Bliss will transfer to Holloman later that same year; this was to end the German Air Force presence at Fort Bliss dating back to 1956.[18] In 2015, due to funding constraints on the planned new facilities in Europe, the German Air Force Air Defense school was to stay open at Fort Bliss until 2020.[19] On March 13, 2019, after 27 years in southern New Mexico, the German Luftwaffe ceased flight training at Holloman AFB.[3]
Housing Afghan refugees
Following the
Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Holloman Air Force Base.[21][22]
Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Holloman, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.
United States Air Force
Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)
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Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
Air Combat Command (ACC)
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Missile testing sites
Missile testing at Holloman began in 1948. Holloman is known to have been used for 147 major launches from 1948 to 1959, reaching up to 235 kilometers altitude.
- Holloman NATIV/Navaho launch complex. (32°53′11″N 106°04′31″W / 32.88639°N 106.07528°W)
- The North American Test Instrumentation Vehicle program took place between January–November 1948. Twenty launches were made, six were successful. Program terminated in 1949. SM-64 Navaho missile planned but not tested.
- Holloman Able-51/ZEL (32°52′47″N 106°03′38″W / 32.87972°N 106.06056°W)
- The Able-51/ZEL site was used to test a MGM‐1 Matadorcruise missile in December 1948.
- Holloman Aerobee (32°53′43″N 106°04′17″W / 32.89528°N 106.07139°W)
- Launches of Aerobee sounding rockets. First use 2 December 1949. Last launch 24 June 1959.
- Holloman SLED/Snark launch complex. (32°55′35″N 106°08′27″W / 32.92639°N 106.14083°W)
- Used for testing SM-62 Snark. First use 21 December 1950. Last launch 28 March 1952.
- Holloman JB-2 launch complex (32°53′33″N 106°07′24″W / 32.89250°N 106.12333°W)
- Used for testing Republic-Ford JB-2 cruise missile. First use 3 May 1948. Last launch 10 January 1949.
Demographics
As of the
There were 393 households, out of which 67.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 88.8% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 3.3% were non-families. 2.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.34.
On the base the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 37.0% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 3.7% from 45 to 64, and 0.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 152.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 180.4 males.
The median income for a household on the base was $37,206, and the median income for a family was $37,941. Males had a median income of $20,359 versus $15,425 for females. The
Education
It is zoned to Alamogordo Public Schools.[24]
The base hosts Holloman Elementary School (grades K-5), the zoned elementary school;[25] and Hollomon Middle School (grades 6–8), the zoned middle school,[26] both named after the base. The mascot of the middle school is the falcon.[27][28][29] Alamogordo High School is the school district's comprehensive high school.
Holloman Middle was formerly Hollomon Junior High School and originally held classes at barracks while the permanent facility was being established. Holloman Elementary opened in 1954. In 1956, 1959, 1965, and 1966 additions were built for the elementary.[30]
When the personnel at the base asked for the school district to completely desegregate for the benefit of its black employees, c. 1949, the school system did so.[31]
Geography
Holloman is located in New Mexico's Tularosa Basin between the Sacramento and San Andres mountain ranges. The base is about 10 miles (16 km) west of Alamogordo, New Mexico, on U.S. Route 70; 90 miles (145 km) north of El Paso, Texas; and 70 miles (113 km) east of Las Cruces, New Mexico. The base covers 59,639 acres (24,135 ha) and is located at an altitude of 4,093 feet (1,248 m).
The base is also a census-designated place (CDP), which had a population of 2,076 at the 2000 census.[23] According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 12.7 square miles (33 km2), of which, 12.5 square miles (32 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (1.18%) is water. The area of the air force base is 59,639 acres (241.35 km2).
Environmental contamination
The groundwater below Holloman Air Force Base near Alamogordo first tested positive for hazardous chemicals in 2016.
Archaeological site
An archaeological site that might shed more light on New Mexico’s ancient history has been discovered recently within the boundaries of the air force base. Base officials said geomorphologists and members of the 49th Civil Engineer Squadron environmental flight uncovered a campsite in early March 2024 that is about 8,200 years old and belonged to some of the state's first settlers.[33]
See also
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- ^ "Airport Data– Holloman AFB (HMN)". Federal Aviation Administration. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ "Reaper Training Curriculum" (PDF).
- ^ a b "German Air Force change of command". Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ a b Welsh, Michael (1995). "Dunes and Dreams: A History of White Sands National Monument" (PDF). nps.gov. Sante Fe, New Mexico. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Mueller (1982). Air Force Bases as of 1982 (Report).
- ^ Bushnell (25 August 1986). GAPA: Holloman's First Missile Program (Scribd.com image) (Report). Air Force Missile Development Center: Historical Branch. iris 00169113. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
[1st ramjet GAPA] "was launched 14 November 1947 and the initial liquid-fuel variety 12 March 1948.8 ... The last of the GAPAs, number 114, was launched 15 August 1950, and the project officially terminated at Holloman the following month.11
(date identified at http://airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/169/113.xml]) - ^ http://stratocat.com.ar/fichas-e/1960/HMN-19600816.htm Detailed account of Kittinger's jump on Excelsior III balloon mission
- ^ a b "366th Fighter Wing Fact Sheet". Air Force Historical Research Agency. USAF. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "Air Armament Center Fact Sheet". Air Force Historical Research Agency. USAF. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
- ^ "1972 USAF Serial Numbers". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014. Joe Baugher's 1972 Aircraft Serial Number Webpage
- ^ Curtis, Duncan (30 September 1976). "Flight Systems Sabres". SMDC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023.
- ^ Tran, Pierre (3 June 2015). "UK, France Discuss Reaper Pilot Training". Defense News. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023.
- ^ "846 TS Hypersonic Upgrade Program (contains World Speed Record video)". Archived from the original on 2 February 2009.
- ^ "Factsheets : Eglin Air Force Base History". Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
- ^ a b Robertson, Patsy (21 April 2014). "Factsheet 54 Fighter Group (AETC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
- ^ Devine, Jacqueline (12 August 2015). "German Air Force impact on Holloman". Alamogordo Daily News. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ "A Nation at War: A Military Town; War Strains Germans at American Base". The New York Times. 11 April 2003.
- ^ "German Air Force plans to leave Fort Bliss". Army Times. Associated Press. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ "German air force maintains presence at Bliss; air defense school to stay open to 2020". El Paso Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
- ^ Duerrmeyer, Tia (12 September 2021). "Afghan Refugees Housed at New Mexico Military Installations". Lea County Tribune. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
- ^ "Units". Holloman Air Force Base. US Air Force. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ "Base Directory". Holloman Air Force Base. US Air Force. 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "Elementary School Zones" (PDF). Alamogordo Public Schools. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "Middle School Zone Maps Effective 2014-2015 School Year" (PDF). Alamogordo Public Schools. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ http://www.holloman.af.mil/ Official website of Holloman AFB
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060715002428/http://www.aps4kids.org/holloman_middle/index.htm Alamogordo Public School
- ^ "Holloman Middle School". Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009. Official Website for Holloman Middle School
- Newspapers.com.
- ^ Maxwell, Nicole (29 July 2019). "An Executive Order and a teen who just wanted to play football: How APS integrated schools". Alamogordo Daily News. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ Laura Paskus "2018 report shows off-the-charts contamination in Holloman AFB water" NM Political Report, 2 February 2019
- AP News. 1 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
This article includes content from Holloman Air Force Base Website, which as a work of the U.S. Government is presumed to be a
- Donald, David (2004) Century Jets: USAF Frontline Fighters of the Cold War Publisher: AIRtime, ISBN 1880588684
- Endicott, Judy G. (1999) Active Air Force wings as of 1 October 1995; USAF active flying, space, and missile squadrons as of 1 October 1995. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History.
- Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0892010924.
- Martin, Patrick (1994). Tail Code: The Complete History of USAF Tactical Aircraft Tail Code Markings. Schiffer Military Aviation History. ISBN 0887405134.
- Mueller, Robert (1989). Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982. USAF Reference Series, Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0912799536
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0912799129.
- Rogers, Brian (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, England: Midland Publications. ISBN 1857801970.
- USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers – 1908 to present
- Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia Of Military Aircraft
Further reading
- Bushnell, David (1958). History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics at the Air Force Missile Development Center, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico 1946–1958. James Stephen Hanrahan, Chief of Historical Office. Holloman Air Force Base: United States Air Force, Air Force Missile Development Center. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- Meeter, George F. (1967). The Holloman Story: Eyewitness accounts of Space Age research. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. OCLC 1430870.
- Page, Joseph T. (2012). Images of America: Holloman Air Force Base. Arcadia Publishing. OCLC 775415247.
External links
- Official website
- FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024
- Resources for this U.S. military airport:
- FAA airport information for HMN
- AirNav airport information for KHMN
- ASN accident history for HMN
- NOAA/NWS latest weather observations
- SkyVector aeronautical chart for KHMN