Bayram Khwaja
| Bayram Khwaja | |
|---|---|
Bey of Kara Koyunlu | |
| Reign | 1351 - 1380 |
| Predecessor | Qara Mansur |
| Successor | Qara Mahammad |
| Died | 1380 |
| Dynasty | Qara Qoyunlu |
| Father | Qara Mansur |
| Religion | Islam |
Bayram Khwaja (Azerbaijani: Bayram xoca, Persian: بیرم خواجه; died 1380, r. 1351–1380) was the founder of the Qara Qoyunlu, a Muslim Turkoman[1][2][3] tribal confederation, that in a short space of time came to rule the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.[4]
Family
Bayram Khwaja was the son of Qara Mansur.
Biography
Under the Mongol rule, Qara Qoyunlu's were subject to the Oirats, and their kishlaks (winter quarters) were near Mosul, while yaylaks were located in the Van region, specifically Erciş. In 1337, Qara Qoyunlu were vassalized by the Sutayids, who gained control of the region. Their head, Pīr Muḥammad was killed by one of his emirs, Ḥusayn Beg, in 1350, who was murdered the next year by Bayram Khwaja, usurping control of the territory. Although Bayram Khwaja was initially unsuccessful in taking Mosul from Ordu Bugha, Ḥusayn Beg’s nephew, he eventually captured the city and made his brother, Berdi Khwaja, its governor.[6]
Bayram is first recorded in service to Huseyin beg, a Turkmen warlord who killed Pir Muhammed of Sinjar and usurped his city. Huseyin beg and his company were attacked by the Ayyubid lord of Hasankeyf, Al-Adil, in 1350; however, they defeated him. Bayram in turn usurped Huseyin Beg's position and declared his independence in 1351.[7]
Bayram besieged
Bayram acted more independently after Awais' withdrawal. He subsequently invaded Mosul, Sinjar,
.Succession
Bayram died in 1380 and was succeeded by his brother Berdi Khwaja, about whose reign nothing is known.[7] He was followed by Qara Mahammad.
References
- ISBN 9781108341219. "In a state of demographic stagnation or downturn, the region was an easy prey for nomadic Turkmen. The Turkmen, however, never managed to build strong states, owing to a lack of sedentary populations (Martinez-Gros 2009: 643). When Tamerlane died in 1405, the Jalāyerid sultan Ahmad, who had fled Iraq, came back to Baghdad. Five years later, he died in Tabriz (1410) in a battle led against the Turkmen Kara Koyunlu (“[Those of the] Black Sheep”), who took Baghdad in 1412."
- ^ "Kara Koyunlu". Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468."
- ISBN 0-292-70787-8. "Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
- ISBN 978-1-4039-6421-2.
- ^ Minorsky 1955.
- ^ Sümer 1978.
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Islam, vol 7 - "Karakoyunlular"
Bibliography
- Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 17 (1): 50–73. S2CID 162273460.
- A., Sinclair, T. (1987–1990). Eastern Turkey : an architectural and archaeological survey. London: Pindar Press. p. 397. )
- Sümer, Faruk (1978). "Ḳarā-Ḳoyunlu". In OCLC 758278456.
- Sümer, Faruk (2001). "Karakoyunlular". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 24 (Kāânî-i Şîrâzî – Kastamonu) (in Turkish). Istanbul: ISBN 978-975-389-451-7.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1969). Anadolu Beylikleri Ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri [Anatolian Beyliks and Aq Qoyunlu, Qara Qoyunlu States] (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society Press. Retrieved 8 January 2024.