Bedir Khan Beg

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Bedir Khan Beg
Şirnak-Kurdistan)
Died1869
HouseBokhti
FatherAbdullah Beg

Bedir Khan Beg (Kurmanji: Bedirxan Beg, Turkish: Bedirhan Bey; 1803–1869) was the last Kurdish[1][2] Mîr and mütesellim of the Emirate of Botan.[3]

Hereditary head of the house of Rozhaki whose seat was the ancient Bitlis castle and descended from Sharafkhan Bidlisi, Bedir Khan was born in Cizre (now in Turkey). He became the Mir of the Emirate of Botan in 1821 and ruled until 1847.[3] The Bedir Khans also claimed descent from Muhammad's general Khalid ibn al-Walid.[4][5]

Early life

He was born to Abdullah Bey, and became the ruler of Botan after his cousin Seyfeddin, (who succeeded Abdullah Bey after his death) wasn't able to calm down the region and his brother Said Bey was too religious and left the leadership to Bedir Khan.

friday sermons were shouted in his name, the central Ottoman Government decided to end the emerging independence movement of Bedir Khan.[16]

Triple alliance

Following the Battle of Nizip, Bedir Khan allied himself with

Assyrian Christian population, and perpetrated massacres amongst them in 1843 and 1846.[14] The conflict arose, as Nestorians in the area between Urmia, Mosul and Hakkari, decided to refuse their accorded tribute to the Emir of Hakkari in 1841.[19] After Nurullah Bey unsuccessfully attempted to subdue the Nestorians led by Shimun XVII Abraham, he called for the assistance by Bedir Khan Beg.[19] In 1843, Bedir Khan broke their resistance and Mar Shimun took refuge in Mosul.[20] And also in 1844 in the Tur Abdin mountains, Yazidis were again raided by Bedir Khan Beg.[21] Bedir Khan Beg's goal was to force the Yazidis to convert to Islam.[22]

Pressure from the European Powers to stop the massacres of Christians led to Ottoman forces invading his territories in 1846–7, with Omer Pasha's 12,000 strong Ottoman force, which was supported by Yezidi tribesmen seeking revenge,[23][24][25] defeating the Kurdish army in the field near Zeitun, Cizre.[26] At the beginning of the conflict he was able to beat the Ottomans, but as an important commander of his troops, defected to the Ottomans, he was forced to flee to Evruh castle, where he endured an eight months long siege.[27] Bedir Khan had to surrender to the Ottomans at Evreh Castle[28] in Eruh, Siirt on the 4 July 1847.[29] The same day also Han Mahmud was defeated in Tatvan.[28] Bedir Khan was betrayed by Yezdanşer a distant relative and high ranking commander of his forces, who had joined the Ottoman Army in exchange of promises of a rank in the government.[30] Yezdanşer would become appointed the mütesellim of Cizre for a short time.[31] From Evreh castle Bedir Khan and his family were put in chains and taken to Kumçati in the Şırnak province. After 40 days in detention,[28] Bedir Khan and his family were transferred to Constantinople.[32]

Exile in Crete

After Bedir Khan's hopes, that he would be allowed to settle in Constantinople, were not fulfilled, he and his entourage were sent to Heraklion, Crete, which at the time was governed by the Ottoman Empire.[33] In 1853 he requested twice to be allowed to return to Istanbul, but his demands were turned down.[34] In 1855 he purchased a farm just outside of Heraklion, which he named “Kabıl Hora“.[35] As in 1856 a strong earthquake occurred in Crete, he faced financial calamities due to the destructions of his possessions. His salary which he still received from the Ottoman Empire, was only 7000 Kuruş.[35] After Bedir Khan managed to solve the quarrels between the Christians and Muslims on the island, the situation became better.[36] In September 1857, Sultan Abdul Majid changed his approach towards Bedir Khan, doubling his salary, and granting 43 of his followers to return to Kurdistan. Nevertheless, Bedir Khan decided to stay in Crete.[35]

Return and death

In 1863, Sultan Abdul Aziz, the successor of Abdul Majid, allowed Bedir Khan and his family to settle in Istanbul, where they bought a mansion in the Fatih quarter.[37] Several of his descendants were admitted into the bureaucracy of the Ottoman Empire.[38] In June 1868, Bedir Khan decided to settle in present-day Syria. He traveled by ship to Beirut and from there he moved to Damascus.[37] Bedir Khan Beg died a year after he settled in Damascus.[39] His funeral was held at the cemetery of Rukneddin, Damascus.[37]

Family

Bedir Khan Beg was married several times, according to his son Mehmed, he had sixteen wives.

Celadet Bedir Khan, Süreyya Bedir Khan and Kamuran Alî Bedirxan are his grandchildren. He was the father of twenty-one children.[41]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-84904-532-2
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  2. ISBN 978-0-8047-7570-0
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  3. ^
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  4. ISBN 9780815630937
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  5. S2CID 158487762
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  7. ^
    ISBN 3-89173-029-2
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  8. ^ a b Gökçe, Hasan; Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.)(1997), pp.78–79
  9. ^ a b c Gökçe, Hasan; Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.)(1997), p.80
  10. ISBN 9781784532161
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  11. ISBN 978-1-85649-018-4
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  12. ISBN 9789004225183
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  13. ^ "History of the Kurds – The Kurdistan Memory Programme". kurdistanmemoryprogramme.com. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  14. ^
    ISBN 9789004225183
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  15. ^ Bruinessen, Martin van (1992).p.180
  16. ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4
    , retrieved 2021-09-06
  17. ^ Ates, Sabri (2021), p.86
  18. ^ Ates, Sabri (2021), p.87
  19. ^ a b Gökçe, Hasan; Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.)(1997), p.87
  20. ^ Gökçe, Hasan; Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.)(1997), p.88
  21. ^ Tagay, Sefik; Ortac, Serhat. "Die Eziden und das Ezidentum – Geschichte und Gegenwart einer vom Untergang bedrohten Religion" (PDF) (in German). p. 50.
  22. ISBN 9780813563541
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  23. ISBN 978-0-85772-643-8
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  24. OCLC 1246622101
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  25. ^ "The bloody shadow of Bedirkhan Beg". ÊzîdîPress - English. 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  26. ISBN 9783515076876
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  27. ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006), pp.73–74
  28. ^
    ISSN 1626-7745
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  29. ^ Henning, Barbara (2018), p. 109
  30. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1kf.12
  31. ^ Badem, Candan (2010), p.363
  32. ISBN 978-3863095512
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  33. ^ Henning, Barbara (2018), pp.111–112
  34. ^ Henning, Barbara (2018), p.113
  35. ^
    ISSN 1626-7745
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  36. ^ Özoğlu, Hasan (2004). Kurdish notables in the Ottoman Empire. State University of New York Press. p. 72.
  37. ^ a b c Kardam, Ahmet (June 2019). Kamuran Ali Bedir Khan, p.50
  38. ^ Henning, Barbara (2018), p.117
  39. ^ Henning, Barbara (2018), p.118
  40. ^ Dr. M. Malmîşanij (June 2019). Kamuran Ali Bedir Khan, p.54
  41. ^ Özoğlu, Hasan (2004), p.95

Further reading

  • Mehmet Alagöz, Old Habits Die Hard, A Reaction to the Application of Tanzimat Edict: Bedirhan Bey's Revolt, MA Thesis, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2003
  • Martin van Bruinessen, Agha, shaikh, and state : the social and political structures of Kurdistan
  • Nazmi Sevgen, Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu'da Türk beylikleri: Osmanlı belgeleri ile Kürt Türkleri tarihi
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