Biserica Neagră
The Black Church of Romania | ||
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Biserica Neagră din Brașov | ||
Die Schwarze Kirche ( Style Late Gothic | | |
Groundbreaking | 1383 | |
Completed | 1476 | |
Administration | ||
Province | Transylvania |
The Black Church (
Author Judit Petki contends that, contrary to a widely held view, the Black Church received its dark appearance as a result of the fire which affected much of the city in 1689, but only in recent times due to pollution.[1] The current popular name is apparently a 19th-century creation.[2]
The cathedral, a working church, is the main city landmark of historical Brașov, and a museum is open to visitors.
Name
Petki calls the view that the Black Church got its name because it was sooted by the 1689 Brașov fire, a misconception. She bases her view on 21st-century studies, which have found no evidence of fire destruction; the church has blackened simply because of environmental pollution after Brașov has turned into an industrial city in the 19th century.[1] Furthermore, the name "Black Church" was not used until the end of the 19th century.[2]
History
Construction
The originally
It is known that, in its first stages, the building was serviced by a priest named Thomas (died 1410), whose grave is located in the choir area.[8] Work on the fortifications in the surrounding area probably began at the same time as work on the church, leading in time to the completion of Brașov's third citadel.[9]
Its chancel originally featured a single column, but its role in supporting the entire central structure — on the model of German cathedrals built by Hans Stettheimer (a view expressed by researchers such as Ernst Kühlbrandt and Antal Hekler) is under dispute.[10] The nave and aisles took longer to complete, and construction was interrupted for various intervals: in 1423, Pope Martin V issued an indulgence for people involved in construction, as a means to reactivate the site; in 1474, a document issued by Sixtus IV acknowledged that work was still lagging.[11]
Several octagonal pillars, redesigned at least once during the building process, were probably completed around 1444.
Style and shape in historical context
Completed during the 15th century (soon after 1476), the church belongs to the final stages of Gothic architecture.
Reformation
The Catholic services were replaced with Lutheran ones during the
Later work
A large part of the inner structure was modified during the 18th century, breaking with the original design.[10]
The explanation that the church had to be repaired following the fire of 1689 has been discarded,
Restoration
From the years, 1937 and 2000, the Black Church was restored and the intellectual elite of the Transylvanian Saxons were able to carry out a substantial program of restoration of this portion of their historic heritage despite unfavorable political contexts. By doing so, they were able to preserve the forms of solidarity that were unique to their community and complete the work.
Features
Size
The Black Church is 89 meters long and 38 meters wide.[21] It measures 21 meters from the floor level to the top of its walls, 42 meters to the ridge of the roof,[22] and 65 meters to the highest point of its only bell tower.[21]
Sculpture
Much of the outside structure was built in friable grit, which caused outer sculptures and masonry elements to deteriorate with time.[4] The oldest features surviving include several sculptures, arches, simpler masonry patterns such as trilobes, as well as numerous portals, while the crowning is imitation Gothic dating from the 18th century.[11]
The oldest sculpture appears to be the almost completely deteriorated bust of
The twelve statues seen today on the choir buttresses are copies created by local artists and placed there in 1937–1944, when the badly weathered 15th-century originals were moved inside the church, where they are still on display.[26] The copies are themselves seriously affected by the intensifying air pollution, five of them having been restored between 2018 and the summer of 2021.[26]
Murals
A partly destroyed
Bell, organ, carpets, valuable items
The Black Church has three bells, the largest weighing 6.3
The church also features a
Gallery
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Brașov, Black Church in the background
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The church and its surroundings
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Council Squareand the Black Church
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Northern and western facades
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Southwest corner with bell tower
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Statue of Johannes Honter in front of the bell tower
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The southern clock face with the Four Evangelists
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Outside sculptures (southern part of the apse)
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Mary and Jesus (outside sculpture)
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Statue of St. Catherine on a buttress[26]
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The "Golden Gate"
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Interior with rugs
Activities
The church website is regularly updated.
A Lutheran service is held each Sunday for the small German community in the city.
The church contains a museum and is open to visitors. The Anatolian carpets, which together constitute the largest collection of "Transylvanian rugs", are preserved in their historical locations throughout the church.
The public can attend organ concerts, on a regular basis and as part of musical events.
See also
- List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe
References
- ^ a b c d Petki (2019)
- ^ a b Roth (2010)
- ^ Vătăşianu, p.69, 228–229
- ^ a b Vătășianu, p.228
- ^ Heltmann & Servatius (1993)
- ^ Miletich (1896), p. 16. Original text in German:
"Den ersten Anfang des Anbanes [Anbaues?] dieser Vorstadt setzen alle Nachrichten, die ich finde, in die Zeit des 14 Seculi, in welchem die hiesige Stadkirche 1385 gebauet zu werden anfing. Da es nämlich bei diesem wichtigen Bau an genugsamen (genügsamen?) Handleuthen aus iler (?) Ursache (?) fehlte … waren die Kronstädter genöthigt, sich aus den benachbarten Provinzen Arbeitsleute kommen zu lassen. Auf diese Veranlassung kammen aus Bulgarien die von uns sogenannten Belger hieher, welche … an diesem Orte, welchen wir noch die Belgerey nennen, mit Vergünstigung des löblichen Magistrates sich wohnhaft niederzulassen." (Faulty transcription of German Text.) - ^ a b Balkanski (1996)
- ^ Vătășianu, p.228-229, 322
- ^ Vătăşianu, p.285
- ^ a b c Vătășianu, p.229
- ^ a b Vătășianu, p.230
- ^ Vătăşianu, p.230-231
- ^ a b Vătășianu, p.231
- ^ Vătășianu, p.526
- ^ Vătăşianu, p.527
- ^ Vătășianu, p.228, 229, 230–231
- ^ Vătășianu, p.229-230, 231, 238, 526
- ^ Vătășianu, p.231, 237, 239
- ^ Vătășianu, p.237-238
- ^ Vătășianu, p.228, 526
- ^ a b c d e Ziegler & Ziegler (2019)
- ^ Kotzan (2013)
- ^ a b Vătășianu, p.322
- ^ Vătăşianu, p.322-325
- ^ Vătășianu, p.732
- ^ a b c SC Hidraulica SRL unterstützt die Restaurierung der Statue der Hl. Katharina, FB posting of the church's congregation (Honterusgemeinde - Schwarze Kirche), 17 August 2021.
- ^ a b c Vătășianu, p.763
- ^ Vătăşianu, p.853, 856, 876, 880–881
Bibliography
- . Via macedonia.kroraina.com, re-accessed 19 Oct 2021.
- Heltmann, Heinz & Servatius, Gustav (1993). Reiseführer Siebenbürgen. Wort und Welt Verlag, Thaur bei Innsbruck, p. 365.
- Kotzan, Anne (2013). Rumänien. ISBN 3829714475. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
- Miletich, Lyubomir (1896). "Дако-ромънитѣ и тѣхната славянска писменость. Часть II. Нови влахо-български грамоти отъ Брашовъ: Брашов и брашовските българите („шкеи”, bolgárszeg)" (based on Google translation: "Daco-Romanian[s?] and their Slavic [documents?]. Part II. New Vlacho-Bulgarian diplomas from Braşov: Braşov and the Bulgarians of Braşov ("Șkei", bolgárszeg)"), in Сборникъ за Народни Умотворения, Наука и Книжнина ('Collection of Folk Tales, Science and Literature'), Vol. XIII, 1896, Sofia.
- Petki, Judit. Kulcskérdések a Nagy tűzről, 'Key questions about the Great Fire' (in Hungarian). Brassói Lapok, 5 September 2019, p. 4.
- Roth, Harald (2010). Kronstadt in Siebenbürgen – Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte. pp. 162–164, ISBN 9783412206024.
- Vătășianu, Virgil (1959). Istoria artei feudale în țările romîne ('History of feudalistic [i.e. medieval] art in the Romanian lands'), Vol. I. OCLC 536121
- Ziegler, Ágnes; Ziegler, Frank-Thomas (2019). Gott zu Ehren und der löblichen Zunft zur Zierde und Gebrauch [In honour of God, for adornment and use by the honourable guild] (in German). Brasov. ISBN 9786068582559.)
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External links
- Official website, valid as of 2021.
- Black Church 360 Virtual Tour