Citadel
A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or
In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system.[1]
History
3300–1300 BC
Some of the oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the
Several settlements in Anatolia, including the Assyrian city of Kaneš in modern-day Kültepe, featured citadels. Kaneš' citadel contained the city's palace, temples, and official buildings.[3] The citadel of the Greek city of Mycenae was built atop a highly-defensible rectangular hill and was later surrounded by walls in order to increase its defensive capabilities.[4]
800 BC – 400 AD
In Ancient Greece, the Acropolis, which literally means "high city", placed on a commanding eminence, was important in the life of the people, serving as a lookout, a refuge, and a stronghold in peril, as well as containing military and food supplies, the shrine of the god and a royal palace. The most well known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one – the Acrocorinth famed as a particularly strong fortress. In a much later period, when Greece was ruled by the Latin Empire, the same strong points were used by the new feudal rulers for much the same purpose.
In the first millennium BC, the
167–160 BC
Rebels who took power in a city, but with the citadel still held by the former rulers, could by no means regard their tenure of power as secure. One such incident played an important part in the history of the
400–1600
At various periods, and particularly during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the citadel – having its own fortifications, independent of the city walls – was the last defence of a besieged army, often held after the town had been conquered. Locals and defending armies have often held out citadels long after the city had fallen. For example, in the 1543 Siege of Nice the Ottoman forces led by Barbarossa conquered and pillaged the town and took many captives, but the citadel held out.
In the
1600 to the present
In times of war, the citadel in many cases afforded retreat to the people living in the areas around the town. However, citadels were often used also to protect a garrison or political power from the inhabitants of the town where it was located, being designed to ensure loyalty from the town that they defended. This was used, for example, during the
The attack on the Bastille in the French Revolution – though afterwards remembered mainly for the release of the handful of prisoners incarcerated there – was to considerable degree motivated by the structure's being a Royal citadel in the midst of revolutionary Paris.
Similarly, after
, Palermo's Castellamare Citadel – a symbol of the hated and oppressive former rule – was ceremoniously demolished.Following Belgium gaining its independence in 1830, a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé held out in Antwerp Citadel between 1830 and 1832, while the city had already become part of independent Belgium.
The
Modern usage
The
Since the mid 20th century, citadels have commonly enclosed military command and control centres, rather than cities or strategic points of defence on the boundaries of a country. These modern citadels are built to protect the command centre from heavy attacks, such as aerial or nuclear bombardment. The
On armoured warships, the heavily armoured section of the ship that protects the ammunition and machinery spaces is called the
A modern naval interpretation refers to the heaviest protected part of the hull as "the vitals", and the citadel is the semi-armoured freeboard above the vitals. Generally, Anglo-American and German languages follow this while Russian sources/language refer to "the vitals" as цитадель "citadel". Likewise, Russian literature often refers to the turret of a tank as the 'tower'.
The safe room on a ship is also called a citadel.
See also
- List of citadels
- Acropolis
- Alcazaba, a term for Moorish citadels in Spain
- Alcázar
- Arx (Roman)
- Fujian Tulou
- Kasbah, a synonym
- Kremlin (fortification)
- Presidio
- Rocca (fortification)
- List of cities with defensive walls
- List of forts
References
- ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 83.
- ^ Thapar, B. K. (1975). "Kalibangan: A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley". Expedition. 17 (2): 19–32.
- ISBN 9780199336012.
- ISBN 9780253216021.
- (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
- ^ Cunliffe, Barry (2008). A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 2009, pp. 55–64. The Prehistoric Society. p. 61.
- ^ a b Armando Coelho Ferreira da Silva. A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Museu Arqueológico da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986
- ^ Don José de Santiago y Gómez (1896). Historia de Vigo y Su comarca. Imprenta y Lotografía Del Asilo De Huérfanos Del Sagrado Corázon de Jesús.
- ^ "15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History". Filipknow. 2018-07-03.
- ISBN 978-3-319-76744-4.
- ISBN 978-3-319-76744-4.
- ^ "Musée Royal 22e Régiment - La Citadelle". Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- ^ "Canada's Historic Places - HistoricPlaces.ca". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
External links
- Media related to Citadels at Wikimedia Commons