Bixa orellana
Achiote | |
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Achiote seed pods | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malvales |
Family: | Bixaceae |
Genus: | Bixa |
Species: | B. orellana
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Binomial name | |
Bixa orellana | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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Bixa orellana, also known as achiote, is a shrub or small tree native to Central America.[3][4] Bixa orellana is grown in many countries worldwide.[3]
The plant is best known as the source of
Etymology and common names
The name Bixa orellana was given by
Description
Bixa orellana is a perennial, tall shrub to small evergreen tree that can reach 6–10 m (20–33 ft) high.[3][4][6] It bears clusters of 5 cm (2 in) bright white or pink flowers, resembling single wild roses, that appear at the tips of the branches.[3] The fruits of the Bixa orellana are globular, ovoid capsules arranged in clusters resembling spiky looking red-brown seed pods covered in soft spines.[3] Each capsule, or pod, contains 30–45 cone-shaped seeds covered in a thin waxy blood-red aril.[3] When fully mature, the pod dries, hardens, and splits open, thereby exposing the seeds.[3]
The plant is most well known as the source of the red-orange annatto pigment. The pigment is derived from the pericarp (the waxy aril layer that covers the seeds) of the Bixa orellana fruit. Annatto oil contains
Distribution
Although the exact origin of Bixa orellana is unknown, it is native to northern South America and the Central American tropics: "it is said to be indigenous by Seemann on the northwest coast of Mexico and Panama, by Triana in New Granada, by Meyer in Dutch Guiana, and by Piso and Claussen in Brazil".[4] Additionally, Bixa orellana is found in substantial wild and cultivated acreages from Mexico to Ecuador, Brazil, and Bolivia.[3] Although an invasive species, it is cultivated in many world regions.[3]
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the annatto dye was distributed to Southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Hawaii and southeastern North America in tropical and subtropical regions through trading exchanges.[3][4] It became cultivated in tropical regions of Asia, such as India, Sri Lanka, and Java mainly for the dye which the seeds yield.[3]
Cultivation
Bixa orellana grows easily in subtropical to tropical climates, in frost-free regions sheltered from cool winds.[3] It prefers year-round moisture, good drainage, and moderately fertile soil in full sun or partial shade. It can be propagated from seed and cuttings. Cutting-grown plants flower at a younger age than seedlings.[10]
The main commercial producers of B. orellana are countries in Latin America (specifically Peru, Brazil and Mexico), which constitute 60% of total world production followed by Africa (27% of total world production) and Asia (12% of total world production).
Industrial uses
Before synthetic dyes revolutionized industry, Bixa orellana (which is the only plant to produce the pigment bixin)[13] was planted commercially. The pigment is extracted from the pericarp of the seeds through use of alkaline water, vegetable oil, or organic solvents.[3][7]
The annatto pigment has global economic significance, as it is one of the most widely used natural dyes to color food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. It is used commonly in foods because the coloring does not alter the flavor and is not toxic.
Culinary uses
Ground Bixa orellana seeds are often mixed with other seeds or spices to form a paste or powder for culinary uses in
A condiment called sazón is commonly used in Spanish, Latin American, and Caribbean cuisine for meats and fish. The Spanish word sazón means "season" or "seasoning". Sazón is made with ground Bixa orellana seeds and packaged into small, disposable foil packets for easy use. Additionally,
In
Traditional uses
One major traditional use of the Bixa orellana plant was for body, face, and hair paint among various tribes and ancient civilizations either for decorative purposes or as omens to ward off evil spirits and illnesses.[4][18] It has been reported to be used by Brazilian native tribes, the native Taínos in Puerto Rico, the Tsáchila of Ecuador and different Amazonian tribes.[4][18][19] As a result of the Spanish Conquest, the Bixa orellana was introduced to peoples like the Aztecs, Incas and Mochicas, who showed evidence of later use.[18] The Aztecs also apparently used the annatto pigment as red ink for manuscript painting in the 16th century.[4][19]
Bixa orellana is used in traditional medicine.[4][7] The tree has been used in Ayurveda, the folk medicine practices of India, where different parts of the plant are thought to be useful as therapy.[20]
The plant is valued for its stem fiber to make rope mats and for the adhesive gum.[21][22][23]
Gallery
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With fruits inHyderabad, India
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Fruit in Hyderabad, India
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Split seed pod
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Seed pod closeup
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Fruit
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Bixa orellana -MHNT
References
- . Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Bixa orellana (annatto)". Center for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI). 27 September 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Morton, Julia F. (1960). "Can Annatto (Bixa orellana, L.), an old source of food color, meet new needs for safe dye?". Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. 73: 301–309. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-8247-0421-6.
- ^ "Plants profile for Bixa orellana (lipsticktree)". Plants database, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
- ^ PMID 25050404.
- PMID 27222755.
- ^ Ângela de Almeida Meireles, Maria; Lima Cavalcante de Albuquerque, Carolina. "Processo otimizado para obtenção de óleo rico em antioxidantes de urucum" (PDF). Inova (in Portuguese). Unicamp. Retrieved 2 Jun 2015.
- ISBN 0-304-36435-5.
- PMID 28559632.
- ^ Jansen, P. C. M. (2005). Jansen, P. C. M.; Cardon, D. (eds.). "Bixa orellana L." PROTA 3: Dyes and tannins/Colorants et tanins. PROTA. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 5 Oct 2014.
- S2CID 560600.
- ^ a b c "Achiote: The Spice That Dyes Food Yellow". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
- ^ "New Crops from Brazil". Purdue University. 1990. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ Gonzalez, Martha (30 Sep 2017). "El achiote un colorante saludable" (in Spanish). Editorial La Prensa S.A. Retrieved 27 Aug 2021.
- ^ "RECIPE: Recado Rojo". LOS DOS. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
- ^ JSTOR 40458510.
- ^ a b "Colorants Used During Mexico's Early Colonial Period". Stanford University. 1997. Archived from the original on March 20, 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-387-70638-2.
- ^ Ellison, Don (1999). Cultivated Plants of the World. London, New Holland.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Graf, Alfred Byrd (1986). Tropica: color cyclopedia of exotic plants and trees for warm-region horticulture—in cool climate the summer garden or sheltered indoors (3rd ed.). East Rutherford, N.J.: Roehrs Co.
- ISBN 0-7254-0480-9.
External links
- Media related to Bixa orellana at Wikimedia Commons