Black Speech
Black Speech | |
---|---|
Created by | J. R. R. Tolkien |
Date | c. 1945–1973 |
Setting and usage | Mordor in Middle-earth |
Users | None |
Purpose | Constructed language
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
Glottolog | None |
The Black Speech is one of the fictional languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien for his legendarium, where it was spoken in the evil realm of Mordor. In the fiction, Tolkien describes the language as created by Sauron as a constructed language to be the sole language of all the servants of Mordor.
Little is known of the Black Speech except the inscription on the One Ring. Scholars note that Tolkien constructed this to be plausible linguistically, and to sound rough and harsh. The scholar Alexandre Nemirovski, on linguistic evidence, has proposed that Tolkien based it on the ancient Hurrian language, which like the Black Speech was agglutinative.[1]
Tolkien
Objective
The Black Speech is one of the more fragmentary languages in
In agglutinative languages like Turkish, the meaning of a word can be understood by breaking it down into the base word and its word endings. For example, in the word evlerimizde ev means "house", -ler indicates plurality, -imiz means "our", and -de means "in". Therefore, evlerimizde means "in our houses".
Turkish Textbook[3]
The Black Speech was not intentionally modelled on any style, but was meant to be self consistent, very different from Elvish, yet organized and expressive, as would be expected of a device of Sauron before his complete corruption. It was evidently an agglutinative language. ... I have tried to play fair linguistically, and it is meant to have a meaning not be a mere casual group of nasty noises, though an accurate transcription would even nowadays only be printable in the higher and artistically more advanced form of literature. According to my taste such things are best left to Orcs, ancient and modern.
Tolkien's attitude to the Black Speech is revealed in one of his letters. From a fan, Tolkien received a goblet with the Ring inscription on it in Black Speech. Because the Black Speech in general is an accursed language, and the Ring inscription in particular is a vile spell, Tolkien never drank out of the goblet, and used it only as an ashtray.[4]
Fictional history
The linguist and Tolkien scholar
The language was used "only in Mordor", Tolkien stated, and it was "never used willingly by any other people"; for this reason, "even the names of places in Mordor are in English", representing Westron.[8]
The One Ring inscription
The only
Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,
ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.
(ⓘ)
Translated into English:
One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,
One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.[10]
The couplet is from the
Black Speech | Tolkien's English glosses[2] |
---|---|
ash | one |
nazg | (finger-)ring |
durb- | constrain, force, dominate |
-at | verb ending, like a participle |
-ulûk | verbal ending expressing object 3rd person plural "them" (ul) in completive or total form "them-all". |
gimb- | seek out, discover |
-ul | them |
thrak- | bring by force, hale, drag |
agh | and |
burzum | darkness |
ishi | in, inside (placed after noun usually in Black Speech). |
krimp- | bind, tie |
Sound and meaning
The Black Speech was by Tolkien's real intention, and Sauron's fictional one also, a harshly guttural language "with such sounds as sh, gh, zg; indeed," wrote Hostetter, "establishing this effect, as well as the bits of grammar needed to lend the Ring-inscription linguistic verisimilitude, seems to have been about the extent of Tolkien's work on this language."
so full of harsh and hideous sounds and vile words that other mouths found it difficult to compass, and few indeed were willing to make the attempt[12]
Linguists including Ashford and Helge Fauskanger comment that this is Tolkien's subjective view, as it is difficult to identify which sounds might have been experienced as hideous.[11][1] Fauskanger suggests that the Elves did not like the uvular r employed by the Orcs.[1] The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that the word durbatulûk, "to rule them all", embodied Tolkien's view that sound and meaning went together, commenting that[13]
certainly, the harsh vowels and jagged consonants and consonant clusters lend themselves to rough and rasping pronunciation, a fitting evocation of the voices of Orcs.[13]
Other examples
A few Black Speech words are given in Appendix F of
The only known sample of debased Black Speech/Orkish is in
- Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai!
In
In film and music
For Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, the linguist David Salo used what little is known of the Black Speech to invent two phrases:[15][16][17]
- Gû kîbum kelkum-ishi, burzum-ishi. Akha gûm-ishi ashi gurum.
- ("No life in coldness, in darkness. Here in void, only death.")
The word burzum-ishi ('in darkness') is taken from the Ring Verse, and three other abstract nouns are invented with the same ending –um. The word ashi, meaning 'only', is taken from ash ('one') in the Ring Verse. The other words were made up by Salo.[15]
Analysis
Comparison with Elvish languages
The Swedish linguist Nils-Lennart Johannesson compared the phonology and syllable structure of the Black Speech with those of
M. G. Meile, labelling the Black Speech as "Sauron's Newspeak" by analogy with George Orwell's dystopian language, noted that it was "doubly artificial": where the Elvish languages were Tolkien's invention, the Black Speech was also a constructed language in his invented Middle-earth, since it had been created by the Dark Lord Sauron as an "evil Esperanto" for his slaves. He stated that as the only language of this type in Middle-earth, this made the Black Speech more important than it would appear from the few words Tolkien defined for it. Further, Tolkien wrote that it was made in mockery of Quenya, in other words that it was an evil language shadowing "the linguistic embodiment of good", and indeed, Meile wrote, it had many correspondences with Quenya. For instance, the word for Orcs, the monsters made in mockery of the Elves, is Quenya "urco, orco", which becomes Black Speech "Uruk".[19]
The linguist Joanna Podhorodecka examines the lámatyáve, a Quenya term for "phonetic fitness", of Tolkien's constructed languages. She analyses them in light of Iván Fónagy 's theory of symbolic vocal gestures that convey emotions. She notes that Tolkien's inspiration was "primarily linguistic"; and that he had invented the stories "to provide a world for the languages", which in turn were "agreeable to [his] personal aesthetic". She compares two samples of Elvish (one Sindarin, one Quenya) and one of Black Speech, tabulating the proportions of vowels and consonants. The Black Speech is 63% consonants, compared to the Elvish samples' 52% and 55%. Among other features, front vowel sounds like /i/ (like the i in machine) are much rarer in Black Speech than in Elvish, while back vowel sounds like /u/ (like the u in brute) are much more common. Podhorodecka therefore comments that the phonology of Black Speech is similar to speech affected by aggressive emotions, which has a higher proportion of consonants (especially plosives) to vowels. She concludes that Tolkien's constructed languages were certainly individual to him, but that their "linguistic patterns resulted from his keen sense of phonetic metaphor", so that the languages subtly contribute to the "aesthetic and axiological aspects of his mythology".[20]
Parallels to natural languages
The Russian historian Alexandre Nemirovski claimed a strong similarity to the extinct
Black Speech | English | Hurrian | Meaning in Hurrian (possible Black Speech interpretation) |
---|---|---|---|
durb- | to rule | turob- | something predestined to occur (perhaps: an evil destiny) |
-ûk | completely | -ok- | "fully, really" |
gimb- | to find | -ki(b) | to take, to gather |
burz- | dark | wur-, wurikk- | to see, to be blind (perhaps: in the dark) |
krimp- | to tie | ker-imbu- | to make longer fully (perhaps: if of a rope, to tie tightly) |
Ashford writes that the Black Speech is at once agglutinative and ergative, "something of a rarity even now".[11] Further, in the 1940s ergativity was a recent linguistic discovery, so that Tolkien was making use of the newest research in his favourite field. In Ashford's view, given the "striking parallels" in both syntax and morphology, the "mysterious history", and the "topical interest" of Hurrian at that time, the case for a Hurrian connection is persuasive.[11]
Tolkien stated that when coining the Black Speech word nazg, he might have been influenced by the Irish word nasc (Scottish nasg).[2] He denied that nazg had any connection to Old English.[23]
Mark Mandel, writing in the
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fauskanger, Helge K. "Orkish and the Black Speech". Ardalambion. University of Bergen. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
- ^ Parma Eldalamberon(17): 11–12.
- ^ "What is aggulutination?". Turkish Textbook. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
- ^ Carpenter 2023, #343 to Sterling Lanier, 21 November 1972
- ^ ISBN 978-1-1358-8033-0.
- ^ Hammond & Scull 2005, p. 239.
- ^ Hammond & Scull 2005, p. 376.
- ^ Hammond & Scull 2005, p. 739.
- ^ Hammond & Scull 2005, p. 83.
- ^ A drawing of the inscription and a translation provided by Gandalf appears in Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 2 "The Shadow of the Past"
- ^ JSTOR 26627600.
- ^ Tolkien 1996, p. 35.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-1358-8033-0.
- ^ Vinyar Tengwar, 26:16, 1992
- ^ a b Salo, David (24 June 2013). "David Salo on Black Speech, orc dialects and the mind of Sauron". David Salo, on Midgardsmal. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ISSN 0749-405X. Archived from the originalon 5 December 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
- ^ "Soundtrack Analysis". Elvish.org. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
Featured in 'The Treason of Isengard'
- ^ Johannesson, Nils-Lennart (2007). "Quenya, the Black Speech and the Sonority Scale". Proceedings of the First International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages Omentielva Minya: 14–21.
- ISBN 9783110820065.
- ISBN 978-9027243416.
- ^ The annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, v. 20, N.H. 1941.
- OCLC 957436981.
- ^ Carpenter 2023, #297 draft to Mr Rang, August 1967
- Winterfilth1965)): 2.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
- ISBN 978-0-00-720907-1.
- OCLC 9552942.
- ISBN 978-0-395-82760-4.