Anthony Appleyard

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Anthony Appleyard
Anthony Appleyard at a local Wikipedia meeting
At Meetup Manchester 6, 2009
Bornc. 1943
Died28 February 2022(2022-02-28) (aged 78–79)
Manchester, England
Known forQuenya grammar

Anthony Appleyard (c. 1943 – 28 February 2022) worked at the

Tolkien scholar specialising in Tolkien's constructed languages. His 1995 description of the Elvish language Quenya was the first to use the information published in The History of Middle-earth. This was criticised by the Tolkien scholar Carl F. Hostetter
as trying to construct a single consistent language rather than accepting that Quenya changed over time, both in the real world as Tolkien continued to invent linguistic structures, and in the fictional history of Middle-earth as the Elvish languages changed and fragmented.

Biography

Appleyard worked at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.[1] He was a

Wikipedia editor from 2004 until his death. He was an administrator of the global encyclopedia, and a member of its underwater diving project. He died in Manchester on 28 February 2022.[2]

Tolkien scholarship

Quenya grammar

Further information: Quenya grammar

The linguist, novelist, and Tolkien scholar Helge Fauskanger wrote that despite the attention given to Tolkien's languages, the information on the web before Fauskanger constructed his own Ardalambion website was mainly poor, with the exception of "Anthony Appleyard's work[1] - very concentrated and technical, excellent for those who are already deep into these things, but probably difficult to absorb for beginners."[3]

The Tolkien scholar

The Etymologies, in his article 'Quenya Grammar Reexamined'."[4] Hostetter stated that the analysis collected together what was known of Quenya's grammar, and organised its grammatical structures "as Appleyard delineated them, in the form of paradigms assembled both from forms taken from sometimes widely separated conceptual stages of Quenya and from his own hypothetical constructions, together with not a few attempts to explain attested forms not fitting into these paradigms as errors on Tolkien's part."[4] Hostetter commented that Appleyard's work was by 2007 useful mainly for summarising the attitudes to Tolkien's languages at that time. He characterised it as:[4]

  1. seeking to label and describe a unique function for each "grammatical inflection", such as the so-called "respective case"[4]
  2. seeking to "fill in gaps" that a linguist of English or Latin might expect[4]
  3. seeking to avoid "(supposed) 'clashes' and 'ambiguities'"[4]
  4. being willing "to reject or even ascribe to authorial error" grammatical forms that did not seem to fit in[4]
  5. seeking to complete or extend the languages by creating new forms[4]
  6. being willing to declare Tolkien's early words or forms "obsolete" if later forms seemed to have the same meanings[4]
  7. being willing to conflate forms from different Tolkien stages when these seemed to be "useful"[4]
Valarin, the language of the godlike Valar.[6]

Appleyard named Quenya's respective case, a grammatical case for nouns in Tolkien's constructed Elvish language of Quenya; the linguist Paul Strack describes the grammatical forms and Appleyard's proposal, stating that "There is no direct evidence supporting this theory of its use, however."[7][1]

Other languages

Appleyard wrote about

Valarin.[6] In 1995 he published the 19-page "Dictionaries of Middle-earth", covering the minor languages of "Danian, Old Beorian, Telerin, Ilkorin, Khuzdul, Old Noldorin, and Valarin."[9]

Technology in Middle-earth

Further information: Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings § Industrial hell, and Song of Eärendil

Appleyard wrote, too, on the subject of "Tolkien and Space Travel", noting that Tolkien and his friend

Arda. He wrote that Tolkien describes Eärendil's ship that sails across the sky built "'of mithril and of elven-glass / with shining prow: no shaven oar / nor sail she bore on silver mast', and mentions no wood in its construction. This indeed sounds suspiciously like most people's image of a spaceship."[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c Appleyard, Anthony (7 March 1995). "Quenya Grammar Reexamined". Tolklang.quettar.org. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Deceased Estates". The London Gazette. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023. Issue number: 63737 Page number: 11910
  3. ^ Fauskanger, Helge. "By way of explanation..." Ardalambion: Of the Tongues of Arda, the invented world of J.R.R. Tolkien. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  4. ^
    S2CID 170601512
    .
  5. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 2 "The Shadow of the Past"
  6. ^
    JSTOR 26627600
    .
  7. ^ Strack, Paul (11 December 2022). "Languages » Quenya » Quenya Grammar: Q. s-case grammar". Eldamo.org. Retrieved 15 February 2023. v0.8.4.2
  8. ^ Appleyard, Anthony. "Ælfwine". Elvish Linguistic Fellowship. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  9. ^ Hunnewell, Sumner (7 August 2007). "Quettar Special Publication no. 3 - Dictionaries of Middle-earth". Tolkien Collector's Guide. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  10. JSTOR 45321694
    .

Sources

External links
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