Blood plasma fractionation
Blood plasma
Blood plasma
Plasma proteins
Plasma contains a large variety of proteins including
Plasma proteins for clinical use
Many of the proteins in plasma have important therapeutic uses.
| Plasma Component | Reasons for Use |
|---|---|
| factor VIII | hemophilia A
|
| factor IX | hemophilia B
|
| Factor X | congenital deficiency |
| factor XIII | congenital deficiency |
| PCC complex | overdose
factor II and factor X if Factor X not available deficiencies
liver disease
|
immunoglobulin
|
passive prophylaxis immune deficiency disorders some types of immune thrombocytopenic purpura Guillain–Barré syndrome Polyneuropathies |
antithrombin III
|
congenital deficiency |
| fibrinogen | congenital deficiency
massive haemorrhage
|
C1 inhibitor
|
hereditary angioedema
|
| albumin | hypoalbuminemia
Ascites Restoring of blood volume in trauma, burns and surgery patients |
alpha-I-antitrypsin
|
hereditary deficiencies |
Plasma processing
When the ultimate goal of plasma processing is a purified plasma component for
Some newer methods of albumin purification add additional purification steps to the Cohn Process and its variations, while others incorporate
For further information see chromatography in blood processing.
Plasma for analytical uses
In addition to the clinical uses of a variety of plasma proteins, plasma has many analytical uses. Plasma contains many
Plasma in clinical diagnosis
Plasma contains an abundance of proteins many of which can be used as biomarkers, indicating the presence of certain diseases in an individual. Currently, 2D Electrophoresis is the primary method for discovery and detection of biomarkers in plasma. This involves the separation of plasma proteins on a gel by exploiting differences in their size and pI. Potential disease biomarkers may be present in plasma at very low concentrations, so, plasma samples must undergo preparation procedures for accurate results to be obtained using 2D Electrophoresis. These preparation procedures aim to remove contaminants that may interfere with detection of biomarkers, solubilize the proteins so they are able to undergo 2D Electrophoresis analysis, and prepare plasma with minimal loss of low concentration proteins, but optimal removal of high abundance proteins.
The future of laboratory diagnostics are headed toward lab-on-a-chip technology, which will bring the laboratory to the point-of-care. This involves integration of all of the steps in the analytical process, from the initial removal of plasma from whole blood to the final analytical result, on a small microfluidic device. This is advantageous because it reduces turn around time, allows for the control of variables by automation, and removes the labor-intensive and sample wasting steps in current diagnostic processes.
Expansion of the human plasma proteome
The human plasma proteome may contain thousands of proteins, however, identifying them presents challenges due to the wide range of concentrations present. Some low abundance proteins may be present in
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Brodniewicz-Proba, T. 1991. "Human Plasma Fractionation and the Impact of New Technologies on the Use and Quality of Plasma-derived Products". Blood Reviews. Vol. 5. pp.245-257.
- ^ a b Shen, Y., Jacobs, J. M., et al. 2004. "Ultra-High-Efficiency Strong Cation Exchange LC/RPLC/MS/MS for High Dynamic Range Characterization of the Human Plasma Proteome". Anal Chem. Vol. 76. pp. 1134-1144.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Matejtschuk, P., Dash, C.H., and Gascoigne, E.W. 2000. "Production of human albumin solution: a continually developing colloid". British Journal of Anaesthesia. Vol 85. pp. 887-895.
- ^ Wu, S., Choudhary, G., et al. 2003. ""Evaluation of Shotgun Sequencing for Proteomic Analysis of Human Plasma Using HPLC coupled with Either Ion Trap or Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry"". Journal of Proteome Research. Vol. 2. pp. 383-393.